Characteristics and Outcomes of Potentially Inappropriate Admissions to the Intensive Care Unit

Sooim Sin; Sang-Min Lee; Jinwoo Lee

doi:10.4266/acc.2018.00388

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Original Article Ethics Characteristics and Outcomes of Potentially Inappropriate Admissions to the Intensive Care Unit: Acute and Critical Care 2019;34(1):46-52.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2018.00388
Published online: February 28, 2019

Sooim Sin

, Sang-Min Lee

, Jinwoo Lee

Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Corresponding author Jinwoo Lee Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 101 Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul 03080, Korea Tel: +82-2-2072-7593 Fax: +82-2-763-0651 E-mail: realrain7@gmail.com

• Received: December 4, 2018 • Revised: January 29, 2019 • Accepted: February 14, 2019

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
KEY MESSAGES
NOTES
SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS
REFERENCES

Abstract

Background
Admission of patients perceived as potentially inappropriate for intensive care is a very sensitive and controversial issue. We aimed to evaluate the use of medical resources in the intensive care unit (ICU) and outcomes of patients according to a physician’s judgment of appropriateness.
Methods
ICU physicians classified patients who were admitted to the medical ICU of a tertiary hospital as appropriate or inappropriate for intensive care within 24 hours of admission. Patient outcomes including mortality were analyzed according to appropriateness. Additionally, the usage and duration of mechanical ventilation (MV), renal replacement therapy (RRT), and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) were analyzed according to appropriateness.
Results
In total, 105 patients (male, 55.4%; mean age, 62 years) were included. Twelve (11.4%) patients were considered inappropriate for intensive care based on guidance published by the Society of Critical Care Medicine through a questionnaire survey of physicians. There was no significant difference between patients considered inappropriate or appropriate for ICU admission regarding the use and duration of MV, RRT, and ECMO. In contrast, the ICU, in-hospital, 28-day, 90-day, and total mortality rates were significantly higher among patients with inappropriate admission than among patients with appropriate admission (ICU mortality: 50.0% vs. 25.8%, P=0.008; in-hospital mortality: 58.3% vs. 43.0%, P=0.028; 28-day mortality: 58.3% vs. 33.3%, P=0.019; 90-day mortality: 66.7% vs. 44.1%, P=0.023).
Conclusions
Despite higher mortality, the amount of medical resources used for patients considered potentially inappropriate for intensive care did not differ from the resources used for patients considered suitable for ICU care.
Key Words: critical care; health resources; intensive care units; medical futility; mortality

INTRODUCTION

Limited health care resources should be allocated to appropriate patients, especially in critical care medicine. Despite the acknowledgment of inappropriate care for futile patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) [1,2], substantial medical resources are provided for futile treatment in medical ICUs (MICUs) [3-5]. According to nationwide statistical data from the United States, one in five Americans receives ICU care at the end of their life [2], and a study of Canadian ICUs reported that 87% of physicians were perceived to provide futile care [6].

In many Asian countries, the concept of palliative care is not well established in comparison with Western countries, and the traditional value of responsibility toward aging family members is very strong. The choice to receive intensive care is often made by family members and not by the patient [7]. Therefore, physicians feel that decisions of futility and withholding or withdrawal of life-sustaining care in the ICU are often difficult. According to a largescale study including many countries in Asia, over 80% of ICU physicians withhold further active therapy for futile patients, while only about 10% withdraw active therapy in South Korea, indicating that Korean ICU physicians tend to be more aggressive than those in other Asian counties [8,9].

Futile treatment in the ICU is closely related to patient age [5]. South Korea officially became an aged society in 2017; people older than 65 years exceeded 14% of the total population. Moreover, Korea has been aging the fastest worldwide; if this trend continues, we can expect to become a super-aged society by 2025 [10]. This increase in the aging population will require more critical care and more potentially inappropriate treatment in the ICU that will be a major social problem in Korea.

An act on hospice and palliative care and decisions regarding life-sustaining treatment for patients at the end of life has been in effect in South Korea since February 2018; since then, changes in ICU medical care have been attempted [11]. However, futile treatment is still frequently provided in the ICU in South Korea. In contrast to western countries, and there is a lack of data regarding the burden of potentially inappropriate treatment in the ICU. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the proportion of inappropriate treatment suggesting futile treatment on admission to the MICU and compare treatment outcomes according to appropriateness. Further, we evaluated the consumed medical resources for potentially futile ICU care.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Study Design and Data Collection

This prospective observational study was conducted at a single 12-bed MICU over a 10-month period (July 2017 to April 2018) in Seoul National University Hospital. Two intensivists, two physicians training undergoing pulmonary and critical care fellowship, and three residents were working in the unit. Each patient was cared for by one physician on fellowship and one attending resident. Patients admitted to the MICU during the study period who agreed to offer their demographics, treatment contents, and prognosis were included. Patients aged ≤20 years and those whose ICU stay lasted <24 hours were excluded. All patients and their family included in the study provided informed consent. This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Seoul National University Hospital (IRB No. 1704-140-848) and conformed to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki. Baseline demographics of each patient including age, sex, weight, height, previous performance status, reason for admission, source of admission, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), and Simplified Acute Physiology Score II (SAPS II) score at admission were recorded.

Inappropriate interventions in the ICU were defined based on a policy statement from the Society of Critical Care Medicine published in 2016. The policy statement defined ICU interventions as generally considered inappropriate when there is no expectation that the patient will improve sufficiently to survive outside the ICU, or when the patient’s neurologic function is not expected to improve sufficiently to recognize the benefits of treatment [12]. At the beginning of every month, physicians and residents were educated on and reviewed the policy.

The two doctors assigned to each patient completed a simple questionnaire asking whether the patient was receiving appropriate treatment or inappropriate treatment within 24 hours from admission to the ICU (Supplementary Figure 1). Based on the questionnaire, patients were categorized into two groups: patients perceived to be receiving appropriate ICU treatment and patients perceived to be receiving inappropriate ICU treatment (patients perceived to be probably inappropriate or inappropriate in the questionnaire were designated to the group of patients perceived to be receiving inappropriate ICU treatment). Patients were categorized as inappropriate when more than one doctor assessed them as such. Length of stay in the ICU and hospital, treatment during ICU stay, blood transfusions, mortality, and other adverse outcomes during ICU stay were obtained for each patient.

Statistical Analysis

Student t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used for betweengroup comparisons of demographics involving continuous variables, and the chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used for those involving categorical variables. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed with a log-rank test to compare mortality according to the main group or subgroup. The P-values less than 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Data analyses were conducted using STATA ver. 13 (Stata Corp., College Station, TX, USA).

RESULTS

Patient Enrollment and Baseline Characteristics

During the 10-month study period, 386 patients were admitted to the MICU; among these, 32 patients stayed in the ICU for <24 hours and 249 patients did not provide informed consent due to refusal to enroll or discharge from ICU before being asked to register. Therefore, 105 patients were included in the study. Of these, 12 patients (11.4%) were judged to be inappropriate by the assigned physicians (Figure 1). The common reasons why physicians perceived these patients as inappropriate for ICU care were that their care was not cost-effective (44%), patients experienced unnecessary pain (44%), poor quality of life after ICU care (38%), and need for end-of-life care (13%) (multiple choices were available). The common reasons why physicians perceived patients as having received inappropriate ICU care were lack of adequate communication with caregivers (50%) and discrepancies between medical staff opinions (50%) (multiple choices were available) (Supplementary Figure 2).

The mean age of included patients was 62 years, and 55.4% of patients were male (Table 1). The mean age of patients perceived to be inappropriate was higher than that of patients perceived to be appropriate, but this difference was not statistically significant. Only the APACHE II score at admission was significantly higher in patients perceived to be inappropriate than in patients perceived to be appropriate. Otherwise, there were no differences in SOFA score and SAPS (Table 1).

ICU Outcomes

Among patients considered to be inappropriate and appropriate, ICU mortality was 50.0% and 25.8% (P=0.008), in-hospital mortality was 58.3% and 43.0% (P=0.028), 28-day mortality was 58.3% and 33.3% (P=0.019), and 90-day mortality was 66.7% and 44.1% (P=0.023), respectively. As expected, the ICU, hospital, 28-day, and 90-day mortality were significantly higher for patients perceived to be inappropriate than patients perceived to be appropriate (Figure 2). There was no significant difference between the two groups regarding ICU length of stay. Hospital length of stay was significantly shorter with patients perceived to be inappropriate than patients perceived to be appropriate (Table 2); however, there was no significant difference between the groups among survivors (36.4 days in the appropriate group vs. 19.4 days in the inappropriate group, P=0.217). The incidence of adverse events such as hypoxic brain injury, ventilator-associated pneumonia, sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation yielded no differences between groups (Table 3).

Medical Resource Utilization

Among patients considered to be appropriate and inappropriate, the proportion of patients who received mechanical ventilation was 67.7% and 50%, renal replacement therapy (RRT) was 33.3% and 58.3%, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) was 4.3% and 16.7%, respectively. There were no significant differences in the proportion of patients who received each treatment (Table 2).

In addition, the amount of blood products administered to patients was analyzed. Of 93 (88.6% of total patients) patients who were perceived to be appropriate, 62 patients (66.7%) received at least one unit of blood during ICU care; transfused products were comprised of 353 units of packed red blood cells (PRBC; 90.1% of PRBC transfused into all patients) and 326 (88.8%) units of plateletpheresis. All 12 (11.4% of total patients) patients who were assessed to be inappropriate received at least one unit of blood products during ICU care, including 39 units of packed red blood cells (9.9% of PRBC transfused into all patients) and 41 (11.2%) units of plateletpheresis.

DISCUSSION

The principal finding of the current study is that patients perceived to be inappropriate at ICU admission showed significantly higher mortality risk despite equivalent medical resources consumed compared with patients perceived to be appropriate. Mortality was significantly higher in patients considered to be inappropriate than in patients perceived to be appropriate at every point, including ICU, hospital, 28 day, and 90 day mortality.

The proportion of inappropriate patients in this study was 11.4% of all included patients, in line with the proportion of several studies conducted in the United States and Europe that reported 10.4% and 14% of patients as futile, respectively [13,14]. However, studies conducted in the United States including over 1,000 patients reported that 11% of patients were perceived by physicians as receiving futile treatment and 8.6% were perceived as receiving probably futile treatment, which is higher than our study [1,4,5]. Another study in the United States reported 20.9% of patients were perceived by physicians as receiving futile treatment, which is also a higher proportion than the current study [15]. This likely results from differences in attitudes regarding appropriate treatment between physicians in South Korea and Western countries. Like other East Asian countries, in South Korea, Confucianism and family-centered decisions are major obstacles to decision making regarding futility in the ICU [16-18], although there have been gradual changes in our culture.

There is a lack of data comparing ICU outcomes between patients considered inappropriate and appropriate. Joynt et al. [19] reported the relative risk of hospital mortality for patients considered futile as 2.47 (95% confidence interval, 2.12 to 2.86). In contrast to our study, the futility of patients was assessed ahead of admission to the ICU and admission was refused for those assessed as futile. Huynh et al. [5] showed significantly higher hospital and 6-month mortality rates among patients considered inappropriate than among patients considered appropriate using chi-square analysis. In our study, the judgment of appropriateness was made within 24 hours of ICU admission, and therefore the judgment did not affect the decision to admit a patient to the ICU.

Although there was no significant difference between patient groups regarding consumption of medical resources, such as application proportion and duration of mechanical ventilation, ECMO, and RRT, there was a significant difference in mortality between the groups. Furthermore, blood products, which are donated resources with high value, were also provided in almost equal proportions. This represents an inefficient use of limited medical resources and can be considered unethical if the care of patients expected to recover is interrupted due to futile treatment for patients not expected to recover.

There are several limitations to the present study. This study was conducted in a single tertiary center, and it may be difficult to generalize results to the general population. However, this is the first study in South Korea to investigate potentially inappropriate treatment in the ICU, and it may be a foundation for future large multi-center, multi-national studies. Also, different physicians evaluated the appropriateness every month. Therefore, there may be a lack of consistency in physician evaluations. However, there was no significant difference in the overall proportion of inappropriate patients compared with other studies, and we were able to assess the opinion of various physicians. Finally, it is possible that patients in the potentially inappropriate group received less aggressive treatment compared with those considered appropriate. However, the aggressiveness of treatment is not likely to differ between groups considering that there are no differences in the usage of medical resources.

In the present study, patients considered inappropriate for critical care accounted for one out of 10 patients admitted to the MICU. Although similar amounts of medical resources were consumed for both inappropriate and appropriate patients, significantly higher mortality was observed in the potentially inappropriate group of patients. Based on these data, the need for perceptional change regarding decisions to receive or provide intensive care should be recognized. The ICU triage decisions of intensivists need to be respected for appropriate allocation of limited medical resources. This will result in a healthcare environment in which patients who truly require critical care medicine can be properly cared for.

KEY MESSAGES

▪ About 10% of patients admitted to the medical intensive care unit (ICU) were considered as potentially inappropriate for ICU care.

▪ Despite higher mortality, the amount of medical resources used for patients considered as potentially inappropriate for intensive care did not differ from the resources used for patients considered appropriate for ICU care.

NOTES

CONFLICT OF INTEREST No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Conceptualization: JL. Data curation: SS, SML. Formal analysis: SS. Methodology: JL, SS. Project administration: JL. Visu alization: SS. Writing - original draft: SS, JL. Writing - review & editing: SML, JL.

SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIALS

The online-only supplement data are available with this article online: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2018.00388.

acc-2018-00388-suppl.pdf

Figure 1.

Flow diagram of study population. MICU: medical intensive care unit.

Figure 2.

Survival analysis of patients in appropriate and potentially inappropriate treatment groups. (A) ICU mortality, (B) hospital mortality, (C) 28-day mortality, (D) 90-day mortality according to appropriateness of patients. ICU: intensive care unit.

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of enrolled patients

Variable	Total	Appropriate treatment	Inappropriate treatment	P-value
No. of patients	105	93 (88.6)	12 (11.4)	-
Age (yr)	62±16.0	62±16.0	67±15.9	0.329
BMI (kg/m²)	23±4.3	23±4.3	22±3.7	0.372
Male sex	57 (55.4)	51 (54.8)	7 (58.3)	1.000
Baseline performance				0.549
ECOG 0	1 (1.0)	1 (1.1)	0
ECOG 1	5 (5.0)	4 (4.3)	1 (8.3)
ECOG 2	14 (12.9)	14 (15.2)	0
ECOG 3	34 (33.7)	30 (32.6)	5 (41.7)
ECOG 4	49 (45.5)	43 (46.8)	6 (50.0)
Admission route				0.157
ER	25 (24.8)	24 (25.8)	1 (8.3)
GW	45 (44.6)	40 (43.0)	5 (41.7)
Stepdown unit^a	5 (5.0)	3 (3.2)	2 (16.7)
Others^b	29 (25.7)	26 (28.0)	4 (33.3)
APACHE II score	19±7.5	19±7.3	25±7.1	0.006
SOFA score	8±4.1	8.2±4.2	9.2±3.5	0.419
SAPS score	46±18.1	46±18.6	51±15.9	0.401

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

BMI: body mass index; ECOG: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group; ER: emergency room; GW: general ward; APACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; SOFA: Sequential Organ Failure Assessment; SAPS: Simplified Acute Physiology Score.

^aStepdown unit includes sub-intensive care unit and cardio care unit;

^bOthers include other hospitals, surgical intensive care unit, respiratory intensive care unit, and emergency intensive care unit.

Table 2.

Treatment outcomes and medical resources consumed in ICU

Variable	Appropriate treatment	Inappropriate treatment	P-value
No. of patients	93 (88.6)	12 (11.4)	-
MV	63 (67.7)	6 (50.0)	0.332
Duration of MV (day)^a	4 (0–378)	4 (1–11)	0.860
Prone position	6 (6.5)	0	1.000
ECMO	4 (4.3)	2 (16.7)	0.139
Duration of ECMO (day)^a	6 (1–46)	7 (2–11)	0.800
Tracheostomy	15 (16.3)	1 (8.3)	0.687
Central line insertion	34 (36.6)	5 (41.7)	0.758
RRT	31 (33.3)	7 (58.3)	0.114
Duration of RRT (day)^a	5 (1–23)	4 (1–11)	0.854
ICU LOS (day)^b	7.0 (3.5–1.0)	4.5 (2.3–10.8)	0.330
Hospital LOS (day)^b	19.0 (11.5–37.0)	10.5 (3.3–19.5)	0.020

Values are presented as number (%) unless otherwise indicated.

ICU: intensive care unit; MV: mechanical ventilation; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; RRT: renal replacement therapy; LOS: length of stay.

^aMedian (range), Mann-Whitney U-test;

^bMedian (interquartile range), Mann-Whitney U-test.

Table 3.

Adverse events during intensive care unit stay

Variable	Appropriate treatment	Inappropriate treatment	P-value
No. of patients	93 (88.6)	12 (11.4)	-
Hypoxic brain injury	4 (4.3)	2 (16.7)	0.139
VAP	3 (3.2)	0	>0.999
Sepsis	23 (24.7)	3 (25.0)	>0.999
ARDS	18 (19.4)	1 (8.3)	0.690
CPR	5 (5.3)	2 (16.7)	0.182

Values are presented as number (%). Two tailed Fisher exact test was conducted.

VAP: ventilator associated pneumonia; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation.

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Characteristics and Outcomes of Potentially Inappropriate Admissions to the Intensive Care Unit

Acute Crit Care. 2019;34(1):46-52. Published online February 28, 2019

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2018.00388

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Characteristics and Outcomes of Potentially Inappropriate Admissions to the Intensive Care Unit

Figure 1. Flow diagram of study population. MICU: medical intensive care unit.

Figure 2. Survival analysis of patients in appropriate and potentially inappropriate treatment groups. (A) ICU mortality, (B) hospital mortality, (C) 28-day mortality, (D) 90-day mortality according to appropriateness of patients. ICU: intensive care unit.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Characteristics and Outcomes of Potentially Inappropriate Admissions to the Intensive Care Unit

Variable	Total	Appropriate treatment	Inappropriate treatment	P-value
No. of patients	105	93 (88.6)	12 (11.4)	-
Age (yr)	62±16.0	62±16.0	67±15.9	0.329
BMI (kg/m²)	23±4.3	23±4.3	22±3.7	0.372
Male sex	57 (55.4)	51 (54.8)	7 (58.3)	1.000
Baseline performance				0.549
ECOG 0	1 (1.0)	1 (1.1)	0
ECOG 1	5 (5.0)	4 (4.3)	1 (8.3)
ECOG 2	14 (12.9)	14 (15.2)	0
ECOG 3	34 (33.7)	30 (32.6)	5 (41.7)
ECOG 4	49 (45.5)	43 (46.8)	6 (50.0)
Admission route				0.157
ER	25 (24.8)	24 (25.8)	1 (8.3)
GW	45 (44.6)	40 (43.0)	5 (41.7)
Stepdown unit^a	5 (5.0)	3 (3.2)	2 (16.7)
Others^b	29 (25.7)	26 (28.0)	4 (33.3)
APACHE II score	19±7.5	19±7.3	25±7.1	0.006
SOFA score	8±4.1	8.2±4.2	9.2±3.5	0.419
SAPS score	46±18.1	46±18.6	51±15.9	0.401

Variable	Appropriate treatment	Inappropriate treatment	P-value
No. of patients	93 (88.6)	12 (11.4)	-
MV	63 (67.7)	6 (50.0)	0.332
Duration of MV (day)^a	4 (0–378)	4 (1–11)	0.860
Prone position	6 (6.5)	0	1.000
ECMO	4 (4.3)	2 (16.7)	0.139
Duration of ECMO (day)^a	6 (1–46)	7 (2–11)	0.800
Tracheostomy	15 (16.3)	1 (8.3)	0.687
Central line insertion	34 (36.6)	5 (41.7)	0.758
RRT	31 (33.3)	7 (58.3)	0.114
Duration of RRT (day)^a	5 (1–23)	4 (1–11)	0.854
ICU LOS (day)^b	7.0 (3.5–1.0)	4.5 (2.3–10.8)	0.330
Hospital LOS (day)^b	19.0 (11.5–37.0)	10.5 (3.3–19.5)	0.020

Variable	Appropriate treatment	Inappropriate treatment	P-value
No. of patients	93 (88.6)	12 (11.4)	-
Hypoxic brain injury	4 (4.3)	2 (16.7)	0.139
VAP	3 (3.2)	0	>0.999
Sepsis	23 (24.7)	3 (25.0)	>0.999
ARDS	18 (19.4)	1 (8.3)	0.690
CPR	5 (5.3)	2 (16.7)	0.182

Table 1. Baseline characteristics of enrolled patients

Values are presented as mean±standard deviation or number (%).

Stepdown unit includes sub-intensive care unit and cardio care unit;

Others include other hospitals, surgical intensive care unit, respiratory intensive care unit, and emergency intensive care unit.

Table 2. Treatment outcomes and medical resources consumed in ICU

Values are presented as number (%) unless otherwise indicated.

ICU: intensive care unit; MV: mechanical ventilation; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; RRT: renal replacement therapy; LOS: length of stay.

Median (range), Mann-Whitney U-test;

Median (interquartile range), Mann-Whitney U-test.

Table 3. Adverse events during intensive care unit stay

Values are presented as number (%). Two tailed Fisher exact test was conducted.

VAP: ventilator associated pneumonia; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome; CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation.