1Division of Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
2Department of Pediatrics, Ankara University School of Medicine, Ankara, Türkiye
Copyright © 2022 The Korean Society of Critical Care Medicine
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
FUNDING
None.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conceptualization: EB, EG, TK. Data curation: EB, EG, EKS, CY, AG, BB, FK, HO, HU, AGG. Formal analysis: EB, EG, AGG. Funding acquisition: EB. Methodology: TK. Project administration: EB, TK. Visualization: TK. Writing–original draft: TK. Writing–review & editing: TK.
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%).
PRISM: Pediatric Risk of Mortality; PICU: pediatric intensive care unit; ED: emergency department; NICU: neonatal intensive care unit; VV: veno-venous; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; VA: veno-arterial; CRRT: continuous renal replacement therapy; PEX: plasma exchange.
Variable | Value |
---|---|
Sex | |
Male | 138 (54.3) |
Female | 116 (45.7) |
Age | 64.34±69.48 |
1 mo–1 yr | 89 (34.9) |
1–2 yr | 35 (13.7) |
2–5 yr | 46 (18) |
5–10 yr | 50 (19.4) |
10–18 yr | 34 (13.4) |
PRISM III score (point) | 24±17.04 |
Vasoactive-inotropic score (point) | 14 (10–24) |
Comorbidity in non-surviving patients | 211 (83.9) |
Heart disease | 64 (25.1) |
Malignancy | 59 (23.2) |
Neurological disease | 28 (11.0) |
Immunodeficiency | 15 (5.9) |
Metabolic disease | 12 (4.7) |
Gastrointestinal and hepatobiliary disease | 8 (3.1) |
Prematurity | 5 (1.9) |
Neurological disease+heart disease | 2 (0.7) |
Lung disease | 6 (2.4) |
Obesity | 1 (0.3) |
Kidney disease | 7 (2.8) |
Syndromic patient | 4 (1.6) |
Cause of mortality in previously healthy patients | 43 (17) |
Sepsis+DIC | 12 (4.7) |
Acute neurological disease | 11 (4.3) |
Acute respiratory distress syndrome | 7 (2.7) |
Cardiogenic shock | 6 (2.3) |
Unsuccessful intubation | 7 (2.7) |
Origin of the patient | |
Other hospital | 58 (22.4) |
Emergency room | 56 (22.0) |
Postoperative | 45 (17.7) |
Cardiovascular surgery | 15 (5.9) |
Pediatric surgery | 15 (5.9) |
Neurosurgery | 4 (1.6) |
Neonatal intensive care unit | 11 (4.3) |
Pediatric ward | 95 (37.4) |
Variable | ≤1 Day (n=40) | 2–6 Days (n=79) | ≥7 Days (n=135) |
---|---|---|---|
Age (mo) | 81.8 (2–248) | 56.2 (1–215) | 63.3 (1–248) |
PRISM III score (point) | 37 (8–78) | 28.3 (1–74) | 22.9 (1–78) |
Chronic illness | 31 (75.6) | 57 (72.1) | 123 (91.1) |
Terminal illness | 21 (52.5) | 37 (46.8) | 77 (57.0) |
Neurological sign | 25 (62.5) | 42 (53.1) | 43 (31.8) |
Other | |||
Hypotension | 33 (82.5) | 58 (73.4) | 83 (61.4) |
Hypoglycemia | 8 (20.0) | 16 (20.2) | 9 (6.6) |
Oliguria | 19 (47.5) | 31 (39.2) | 35 (25.9) |
Acidosis | 37 (92.5) | 66 (83.5) | 43 (31.8) |
Coagulation disorder | 12 (30.0) | 15 (18.9) | 23 (17.2) |
Cardiac arrest | 18 (45.0) | 17 (42.5) | 15 (11.1) |
Location prior to PICU admission | |||
Outer center | 4 (10.0) | 22 (27.8) | 32 (23.7) |
ED transfer | 12 (30.0) | 15 (18.9) | 28 (20.7) |
Operating room transfer | 4 (10.0) | 8 (10.1) | 22 (16.2) |
Inpatient unit transfer | 20 (50.0) | 27 (34.1) | 48 (35.5) |
NICU transfer | 0 | 2 (2.5) | 9 (6.6) |
Invasive procedure | |||
VV ECMO | 1 (2.5) | 2 (2.5) | 3 (2.2) |
VA ECMO | 7 (17.5) | 12 (15.1) | 26 (19.2) |
CRRT | 3 (7.5) | 19 (47.5) | 45 (33.3) |
PEX | 0 | 4 (5.0) | 10 (7.4) |
Cause for admission | No. (%) |
---|---|
Respiratory failure | 77 (30.3) |
Sepsis+septic shock | 36 (14.1) |
Arrest (respiratory/cardiac) | 29 (11.4) |
Heart disease (cardiogenic shock/circulatory failure) | 25 (9.8) |
Postoperative | 18 (7.0) |
Neurological (seizure/demyelinating disease) | 15 (5.9) |
Trauma | 10 (3.9) |
Acute renal failure+chronic renal failure | 9 (3.5) |
Metabolic crisis | 1 (0.3) |
Meningococcemia | 1 (0.3) |
Other | |
Infectious disease | 4 (1.6) |
Gastroenterology and hepatobiliary diseases | 6 (2.4) |
Poisoning | 1 (0.3) |
Electrolyte disturbance | 2 (0.7) |
Unclear diagnosis | 20 (7.9) |
Variable | No. (%) |
---|---|
Procedure performed | |
Continuous renal replacement therapy | 67 (26.4) |
Plasma exchange | 14 (5.5) |
Catheter insertion | 239 (94.1) |
Chest tube insertion | 24 (9.4) |
VA ECMO | 45 (17.7) |
VV ECMO | 6 (2.3) |
Operation | 98 (38.6) |
Complication | 55 (21.7) |
Pulmonary bleeding | 120 (47.2) |
Hospital-acquired infection | 13 (5.1) |
Intracranial bleeding | 38 (14.9) |
Cause of death | |
Heart disease | 64 (25.1) |
Malignancy | 59 (23.2) |
Multiple disease | 28 (11.0) |
Neurological disease | 28 (11.0) |
Lung disease | 13 (5.1) |
Metabolic disease | 13 (5.1) |
Trauma | 11 (4.3) |
Nephrological disease | 9 (3.5) |
Gastroenterological disease | 9 (3.5) |
Surgery with no history of previous illness | 6 (2.3) |
Infectious disease | 5 (1.9) |
Unknown cause | 5 (1.9) |
Genetic disease | 3 (1.1) |
Foreign body aspiration | 1 (0.3) |
Values are presented as number (%), mean± standard deviation, or median (range). PRISM: Pediatric Risk of Mortality; DIC: disseminated intravascular coagulation.
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%). PRISM: Pediatric Risk of Mortality; PICU: pediatric intensive care unit; ED: emergency department; NICU: neonatal intensive care unit; VV: veno-venous; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; VA: veno-arterial; CRRT: continuous renal replacement therapy; PEX: plasma exchange.
VA: veno-arterial; ECMO: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; VV: veno-venous.