Acute and Critical Care

Original Articles

Pulmonary
Awake prone positioning for COVID-19 acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in Tunisia: Khaoula Ben Ismail, Fatma Essafi, Imen Talik, Najla Ben Slimene, Ines Sdiri, Boudour Ben Dhia, Takoua Merhbene; Acute Crit Care. 2023;38(3):271-277. Published online August 21, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2023.00591

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Abstract PDF: Background
In this study, we explored whether awake prone position (PP) can impact prognosis of severe hypoxemia coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients.
Methods
This was a prospective observational study of severe, critically ill adult COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Patients were divided into two groups: group G1, patients who benefited from a vigilant and effective PP (>4 hours minimum/24) and group G2, control group. We compared demographic, clinical, paraclinical and evolutionary data.
Results
Three hundred forty-nine patients were hospitalized during the study period, 273 met the inclusion criteria. PP was performed in 192 patients (70.3%). The two groups were comparable in terms of demographic characteristics, clinical severity and modalities of oxygenation at intensive care unit (ICU) admission. The mean PaO2/ FIO2 ratios were 141 and 128 mm Hg, respectively (P=0.07). The computed tomography scan was comparable with a critical >75% in 48.5% (G1) versus 54.2% (G2). The median duration of the daily PP session was 13±7 hours per day. The average duration of spontaneous PP days was 7 days (4–19). Use of invasive ventilation was lower in the G1 group (27% vs. 56%, P=0.002). Healthcare-associated infections were significantly lower in G1 (42.1% vs. 82%, P=0.01). Duration of total mechanical ventilation and length of ICU stay were comparable between the two groups. Mortality was significantly higher in G2 (64% vs. 28%, P=0.02).
Conclusions
Our study confirmed that awake PP can improve prognosis in COVID-19 patients. Randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm this result.

Pulmonary
Extravascular lung water index, pulmonary vascular permeability index, and global end-diastolic volume index in mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients requiring prone position ventilation: a preliminary retrospective study: Rosanna Carmela De Rosa, Antonio Romanelli, Michele Gallifuoco, Giovanni Messina, Marianne Di Costanzo, Antonio Corcione; Acute Crit Care. 2022;37(4):571-579. Published online November 10, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2022.00423

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Background
There is a lack of data on extravascular lung water index (EVLWi), pulmonary vascular permeability index (PVPi), and global end-diastolic volume index (GEDVi) during prone position ventilation (PPV) in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. The objectives of this study were to analyze trends in EVLWi, PVPi, and GEDVi during PPV and the relationships between these parameters and PaO2/FiO2. Methods: In this preliminary retrospective observational study, we performed transpulmonary thermodilution (TPTD) in seven mechanically ventilated COVID-19 patients without cardiac and pulmonary comorbidities requiring PPV for 18 hours, at specific times (30 minutes pre-PPV, 18 hours after PPV, and 3 hours after supination). EVLWi, PVPi and GEDVi were measured. The relationships between PaO2/FiO2 and EVLWi, and PVPi and GEDVi values, in the supine position were analyzed by linear regression. Correlation and determination coefficients were calculated. Results: EVLWi was significantly different between three time points (analysis of variance, P=0.004). After 18 hours in PPV, EVLWi was lower compared with values before PPV (12.7±0.9 ml/kg vs. 15.3±1.5 ml/kg, P=0.002). Linear regression showed that only EVLWi was correlated with PaO2/FiO2 (β =–5.757; 95% confidence interval, –10.835 to –0.679; r=–0.58; R2 =0.34; F-test P=0.029). Conclusions: EVLWi was significantly reduced after 18 hours in PPV and values measured in supine positions were correlated with PaO2/FiO2. This relationship can help clinicians discriminate whether deterioration in gas exchange is related to fluid overload or disease progression. Further clinical research should evaluate the role of TPTD parameters as markers to stratify disease severity and guide clinical management.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Determining Extracellular Water Effects in Mild and Severe COVID-19 Pneumonia Clinical Course by using the Bioimpedance Method
Zuhal Cavus, Ayse Vahaboglu, Ulku Aygen Turkmen, Habibe Vural, Dondu Genc Moralar
Medical Bulletin of Haseki.2023; 61(2): 81. CrossRef

Pulmonary
Effect of prone positioning on gas exchange according to lung morphology in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: Na Young Kim, Si Mong Yoon, Jimyung Park, Jinwoo Lee, Sang-Min Lee, Hong Yeul Lee; Acute Crit Care. 2022;37(3):322-331. Published online July 29, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2022.00367

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
There are limited data on the clinical effects of prone positioning according to lung morphology. We aimed to determine whether the gas exchange response to prone positioning differs according to lung morphology.
Methods
This retrospective study included adult patients with moderate-to-severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). The lung morphology of ARDS was assessed by chest computed tomography scan and classified as “diffuse” or “focal.” The primary outcome was change in partial pressure of arterial oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen (PaO2/FiO2) ratio after the first prone positioning session: first, using the entire cohort, and second, using subgroups of patients with diffuse ARDS matched 2 to 1 with patients with focal ARDS at baseline.
Results
Ninety-five patients were included (focal ARDS group, 23; diffuse ARDS group, 72). Before prone positioning, the focal ARDS group showed worse oxygenation than the diffuse ARDS group (median PaO2/FiO2 ratio, 79.9 mm Hg [interquartile range (IQR)], 67.7–112.6 vs. 104.0 mm Hg [IQR, 77.6–135.7]; P=0.042). During prone positioning, the focal ARDS group showed a greater improvement in the PaO2/FiO2 ratio than the diffuse ARDS group (median, 55.8 mm Hg [IQR, 11.1–109.2] vs. 42.8 mm Hg [IQR, 11.6–83.2]); however, the difference was not significant (P=0.705). Among the PaO2/FiO2-matched cohort, there was no significant difference in change in PaO2/FiO2 ratio after prone positioning between the groups (P=0.904).
Conclusions
In patients with moderate-to-severe ARDS, changes in PaO2/FiO2 ratio after prone positioning did not differ according to lung morphology. Therefore, prone positioning can be considered as soon as indicated, regardless of ARDS lung morphology.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Subphenotypes of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Advancing Towards Precision Medicine
Andrea R. Levine, Carolyn S. Calfee
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.2024; 87(1): 1. CrossRef

Nephrology
Clinical efficacy of blood purification using a polymethylmethacrylate hemofilter for the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis: Kiyohiko Kinjoh, Ryoji Nagamura, Yutaka Sakuda, Shoki Yamauchi, Hideta Takushi, Tadashi Iraha, Koji Idomari; Acute Crit Care. 2022;37(3):398-406. Published online July 5, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2022.00192

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Abstract PDF

Background
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) is a systemic inflammatory disease, and it can often complicate into acute kidney injury (AKI) and acute lung injury/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ALI/ARDS). This study aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of blood purification using a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) hemofilter.
Methods
We retrospectively examined 54 patients, who were diagnosed with SAP according to the Japanese criteria from January 2011 to December 2019.
Results
Of a total of 54 SAP patients, 26 patients progressively developed AKI and required continuous hemodialysis with a PMMA membrane hemofilter (PMMA-CHD). Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score were significantly higher in patients requiring PMMA-CHD than in patients not requiring hemodialysis. The lung injury scores were also significantly higher in patients requiring PMMA-CHD. Of the 26 patients, 16 patients developed ALI/ARDS and required mechanical ventilation. A total of seven patients developed severe ALI/ARDS and received additional intermittent hemodiafiltration using a PMMA hemofilter (PMMA-HDF). Although the length of intensive care unit stay was significantly longer in patients with severe ALI/ARDS, blood purification therapy was discontinued in all the patients. The survival rates at the time of discharge were 92.3% and 92.9% in patients with and without PMMA-CHD, respectively. These real mortality ratios were obviously lower than the estimated mortality ratios predicted by APACHE II scores.
Conclusions
These finding suggest that the blood purification using a PMMA hemofilter would be effective for the treatment of AKI and ALI/ARDS in SAP patients.

Citations

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A Retrospective Study on the Start and End of Continuous Hemodialysis using a Polymethylmethacrylate Hemofilter for Severe Acute Pancreatitis
Kiyohiko Kinjoh, Ryoji Nagamura, Yutaka Sakuda
Internal Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Evaluation of the therapeutic efficiency and efficacy of blood purification in the treatment of severe acute pancreatitis
Hongwei Huang, Zhongshi Huang, Menghua Chen, Ken Okamoto, Chiara Lazzeri
PLOS ONE.2024; 19(1): e0296641. CrossRef
Enhancing Immune Protection in Hemodialysis Patients: Role of the Polymethyl Methacrylate Membrane
Rossana Franzin, Alessandra Stasi, Gianvito Caggiano, Elena Squiccimarro, Vincenzo Losappio, Marco Fiorentino, Carlo Alfieri, Giovanni Stallone, Loreto Gesualdo, Giuseppe Castellano
Blood Purification.2023; : 27. CrossRef

Pulmonary
Association of pulmonary arterial pressure with volume status in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation: Tae Hwa Hong, Hyoung Soo Kim, Sunghoon Park; Acute Crit Care. 2022;37(2):159-167. Published online March 11, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2021.00927

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material: Background
Data on pulmonary hemodynamic parameters in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) are scarce.
Methods
The associations between pulmonary artery catheter parameters for the first 7 days of ECMO, fluid balance, and hospital mortality were investigated in adult patients (aged ≥19 years) who received venovenous ECMO for refractory ARDS between 2015 and 2017.
Results
Twenty patients were finally included in the analysis (median age, 56.0 years; interquartile range, 45.5–68.0 years; female, n=10). A total of 140 values were collected for each parameter (i.e., 7 days×20 patients). Net fluid balance was weakly but significantly correlated with systolic and diastolic pulmonary arterial pressures (PAPs; r=0.233 and P=0.011; r=0.376 and P<0.001, respectively). Among the mechanical ventilation parameters, above positive end-expiratory pressure was correlated with systolic PAP (r=0.191 and P=0.025), and static compliance was negatively correlated with diastolic PAP (r=−0.169 and P=0.048). Non-survivors had significantly higher systolic PAPs than in survivors. However, in multivariate analysis, there was no significant association between mean systolic PAP and hospital mortality (odds ratio, 1.500; 95% confidence interval, 0.937–2.404; P=0.091).
Conclusions
Systolic PAP was weakly but significantly correlated with net fluid balance during the early ECMO period in patients with refractory ARDS receiving ECMO.

Infection
Comparison of critically ill COVID-19 and influenza patients with acute respiratory failure: Mehmet Yildirim, Burcin Halacli, Mehmet Yasir Pektezel, Berrin Er, Ismail Tuna Geldigitti, Gulay Tok, Ebru Ortac Ersoy, Arzu Topeli; Acute Crit Care. 2022;37(2):168-176. Published online March 11, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2021.00920

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Abstract PDF

Background
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the biggest pandemic causing acute respiratory failure (ARF) in the last century. Seasonal influenza carries high mortality, as well. The aim of this study was to compare features and outcomes of critically-ill COVID-19 and influenza patients with ARF.
Methods
Patients with COVID-19 and influenza admitted to intensive care unit with ARF were retrospectively analyzed.
Results
Fifty-four COVID-19 and 55 influenza patients with ARF were studied. Patients with COVID-19 had 32% of hospital mortality, while those with influenza had 47% (P=0.09). Patients with influenza had higher Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group, Clinical Frailty Scale, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II and admission Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores than COVID-19 patients (P<0.01). Secondary bacterial infection, admission acute kidney injury, procalcitonin level above 0.2 ng/ml were the independent factors distinguishing influenza from COVID-19 while prone positioning differentiated COVID-19 from influenza. Invasive mechanical ventilation (odds ratio [OR], 42.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 9.45–187.97), admission SOFA score more than 4 (OR, 5.92; 95% CI, 1.85–18.92), malignancy (OR, 4.95; 95% CI, 1.13–21.60), and age more than 65 years (OR, 3.31; 95% CI, 0.99–11.03) were found to be independent risk factors for hospital mortality.
Conclusions
There were few differences in clinical features of critically-ill COVID-19 and influenza patients. Influenza cases had worse performance status and disease severity. There was no significant difference in hospital mortality rates between COVID-19 and influenza patients.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Comparison of Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes in Intensive Care Units Between Patients with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Patients with Influenza: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Zhuan Zhong, Xin Wang, Jia Guo, Xingzhao Li, Yingying Han
Journal of Intensive Care Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Acute kidney injury in patients with COVID-19 compared to those with influenza: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Chiu-Ying Hsiao, Heng-Chih Pan, Vin-Cent Wu, Ching-Chun Su, Tzu-Hsuan Yeh, Min-Hsiang Chuang, Kuan-Chieh Tu, Hsien-Yi Wang, Wei-Chih Kan, Chun-Chi Yang, Jui-Yi Chen
Frontiers in Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Comparison of Clinical Features and Outcomes between SARS-CoV-2 and Non-SARS-CoV-2 Respiratory Viruses Associated Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Retrospective Analysis
Manbong Heo, Jong Hwan Jeong, Sunmi Ju, Seung Jun Lee, Yi Yeong Jeong, Jong Deog Lee, Jung-Wan Yoo
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(8): 2246. CrossRef

Case Report

Basic science and research
COVID-19–related acute respiratory distress syndrome treated with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and programmed multi-level ventilation: a case report: Filip Depta, Anton Turčan, Pavol Török, Petra Kapraľová, Michael A. Gentile; Acute Crit Care. 2022;37(3):470-473. Published online January 21, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2021.01109

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Abstract PDF

We report a patient with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) treated with veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV ECMO) and programmed multi-level ventilation (PMLV). VV ECMO as a treatment modality for severe ARDS has been described multiple times as a rescue therapy for refractory hypoxemia. It is well known that conventional ventilation can cause ventilator-induced lung injury. Protective ventilation during VV ECMO seems to be beneficial, translating to using low tidal volumes, prone positioning with general concept of open lung approach. However, mechanical ventilation is still required as ECMO per se is usually not sufficient to maintain adequate gas exchange due to hyperdynamic state of the patient and limitation of blood flow via VV ECMO. This report describes ventilation strategy using PMLV during “resting” period of the lung. In short, PMLV is a strategy for ventilating non-homogenous lungs that incorporates expiratory time constants and multiple levels of positive end-expiratory pressure. Using this approach, most affected acute lung injury/ARDS areas can be recruited, while preventing overdistension in healthy areas. To our knowledge, case report using such ventilation strategy for lung resting period has not been previously published.

Citations

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Treatment of acute respiratory failure: extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Jin-Young Kim, Sang-Bum Hong
Journal of the Korean Medical Association.2022; 65(3): 157. CrossRef

Original Articles

Infection
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of critically ill COVID-19 patients in Sfax, Tunisia: Mabrouk Bahloul, Sana Kharrat, Kamilia Chtara, Malek Hafdhi, Olfa Turki, Najeh Baccouche, Rania Ammar, Nozha Kallel, Majdi Hsairi, Olfa Chakroun-Walha, Chokri Ben Hamida, Hedi Chelly, Khaiereddine Ben Mahfoudh, Abelhamid Karoui, Hela Karray, Noureddine Rekik, Mounir Bouaziz; Acute Crit Care. 2022;37(1):84-93. Published online November 16, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2021.00129

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Abstract PDF

Background
Africa, like the rest of the world, has been impacted by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, only a few studies covering this subject in Africa have been published. Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of critically ill adult COVID-19 patients—all of whom had a confirmed severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection— admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of Habib Bourguiba University Hospital (Sfax, Tunisia). Results: A total of 96 patients were admitted into our ICU for respiratory distress due to COVID-19 infection. Mean age was 62.4±12.8 years and median age was 64 years. Mean arterial oxygen tension (PaO2)/fractional inspired oxygen (FiO2) ratio was 105±60 and ≤300 in all cases but one. Oxygen support was required for all patients (100%) and invasive mechanical ventilation for 38 (40%). Prone positioning was applied in 67 patients (70%). Within the study period, 47 of the 96 patients died (49%). Multivariate analysis showed that the factors associated with poor outcome were the development of acute renal failure (odds ratio [OR], 6.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.75–25.9), the use of mechanical ventilation (OR, 5.8; 95% CI, 1.54–22.0), and serum cholinesterase (SChE) activity lower than 5,000 UI/L (OR, 5.0; 95% CI, 1.34–19). Conclusions: In this retrospective cohort study of critically ill patients admitted to the ICU in Sfax, Tunisia, for acute respiratory failure following COVID-19 infection, the mortality rate was high. The development of acute renal failure, the use of mechanical ventilation, and SChE activity lower than 5,000 UI/L were associated with a poor outcome.

Citations

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Cost Effectiveness of Strategies for Caring for Critically Ill Patients with COVID-19 in Tanzania
Hiral Anil Shah, Tim Baker, Carl Otto Schell, August Kuwawenaruwa, Khamis Awadh, Karima Khalid, Angela Kairu, Vincent Were, Edwine Barasa, Peter Baker, Lorna Guinness
PharmacoEconomics - Open.2023; 7(4): 537. CrossRef
Prognostic Value of Serum Cholinesterase Activity in Severe SARS-CoV-2–Infected Patients Requiring Intensive Care Unit Admission
Mabrouk Bahloul, Sana Kharrat, Saba Makni, Najeh Baccouche, Rania Ammar, Aida Eleuch, Lamia Berrajah, Amel Chtourou, Olfa Turki, Chokri Ben Hamida, Hedi Chelly, Kamilia Chtara, Fatma Ayedi, Mounir Bouaziz
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.2022; 107(3): 534. CrossRef

Nursing
Intensive care unit professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain: social and work-related variables, COVID-19 symptoms, worries, and generalized anxiety levels: Fernando J. García-Hedrera, Fernanda Gil-Almagro, F. Javier Carmona-Monge, Cecilia Peñacoba-Puente, Patricia Catalá-Mesón, Lilian Velasco-Furlong; Acute Crit Care. 2021;36(3):232-241. Published online August 31, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2021.00213

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Abstract PDF

Background
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 outbreak has been identified as a pandemic and global health emergency. It presents as a severe acute respiratory disease. The rapid dissemination of the disease created challenges for healthcare systems and forced healthcare workers (HCWs) to deal with many clinical and nonclinical stresses. The aim of our research is to describe work conditions, symptoms experienced by HCWs, worries about contagion, and generalized anxiety symptoms and compare those findings across regions in Spain. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted using an online survey. Critical care units throughout Spain were included. The sample comprised HCWs working in intensive care units from March to May 2020. We assessed work variables, physical symptoms, worries about contagion, and anxiety (generalized anxiety disorder-7 questionnaire). Results: The final sample comprised 448 surveys. Among the respondents, 86.9% (n=389) were nursing professionals, and 84.8% (n=380) were women. All participants cared for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients during the study period. Workload during the pandemic in Madrid was judged to be higher than in other regions (P<0.01). The availability of personal protective equipment was found to be higher in Cataluña. The most frequently experienced symptom was headaches (78.1%). Worries about self-infection and the possibility of infecting others received mean scores of 3.11 and 3.75, respectively. Mean scores for generalized anxiety levels were 11.02, with 58.7% of the professionals presenting with generalized anxiety syndrome during the assessment. Conclusions: In this study, we found high levels of anxiety among HCWs caring directly for COVID-19 patients, which could produce long-term psychological alterations that still need to be assessed.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

From Anxiety to Hardiness: The Role of Self-Efficacy in Spanish CCU Nurses in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Fernanda Gil-Almagro, Fernando José García-Hedrera, Francisco Javier Carmona-Monge, Cecilia Peñacoba-Puente
Medicina.2024; 60(2): 215. CrossRef
Cognitive appraisals and coping strategies of registered nurses in the emergency department combating COVID‐19: A scoping review
Chia‐Hung Lin, Shu‐Fen Siao, You‐Jie Lin, Pin‐Hsien Hsin, Mack Shelley, Yen‐Han Lee
Journal of Nursing Scholarship.2023; 55(1): 79. CrossRef
The impact of pandemics on healthcare providers' workloads: A scoping review
Gemma Doleman, Annemarie De Leo, Dianne Bloxsome
Journal of Advanced Nursing.2023; 79(12): 4434. CrossRef
Critical care medicine training in the age of COVID-19
Walter Mickey
Journal of Osteopathic Medicine.2023; 123(9): 427. CrossRef
Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Spanish healthcare workers: a systematic review of prevalence and wave-based patterns
Irene Jaén, Carolina Ausín, Diana Castilla
Current Psychology.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on intensive care unit workers: a nationwide survey
Sangeeta Mehta, Christopher Yarnell, Sumesh Shah, Peter Dodek, Jeanna Parsons-Leigh, Robert Maunder, Jessica Kayitesi, Catherine Eta-Ndu, Fran Priestap, Danielle LeBlanc, Jennifer Chen, Kimia Honarmand
Canadian Journal of Anesthesia/Journal canadien d'anesthésie.2022; 69(4): 472. CrossRef

Pulmonary
Impact of prone position on outcomes of COVID-19 patients with spontaneous breathing: Mabrouk Bahloul, Sana Kharrat, Malek Hafdhi, Anis Maalla, Olfa Turki, Kamilia Chtara, Rania Ammar, Basma Suissi, Chokri Ben Hamida, Hedi Chelly, Khaiereddine Ben Mahfoudh, Mounir Bouaziz; Acute Crit Care. 2021;36(3):208-214. Published online August 12, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2021.00500

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Abstract PDF

Background
In this study, we explored whether early application of the prone position (PP) can improve severe hypoxemia and respiratory failure in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients with spontaneous breathing.
Methods
This is a prospective observational study of severe, critically ill adult COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit. All vital parameters were recorded in real time for all patients. Moreover, the results of chest computed tomography (CT), when available, were analyzed.
Results
PP was applied in 21 patients who were breathing spontaneously. The application of PP was associated with a significant increase in oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry (SpO₂) from 82%±12% to 96%±3% (P<0.001) 1 hour later. Moreover, PP was associated with a significant reduction in respiratory rate from 31±10 to 21±4 breaths/min (P<0.001). Furthermore, the number of patients who exhibited signs of respiratory distress after PP was reduced from 10 (47%) to 3 (14%) (P=0.04). Early PP application also led to a clear improvement on CT imaging. It was not, however, associated with a reduction in mortality rate or in the use of invasive mechanical ventilation (P>0.05 for both).
Conclusions
Our study confirmed that the early application of PP can improve hypoxemia and tachypnea in COVID-19 patients with spontaneous breathing. Randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the beneficial effects of PP in COVID-19 patients with spontaneous breathing.

Citations

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Awake prone positioning for patients with COVID-19-related respiratory failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Mara Graziani, Andrea Galeazzo Rigutini, Diletta Bartolini, Laura Traballi, Lorenzo Luzi, Rossana Regina, Francesco Bossi, Carla Caponi, Cecilia Becattini
Internal and Emergency Medicine.2024; 19(1): 147. CrossRef
Awake prone positioning for COVID-19 acute hypoxemic respiratory failure in Tunisia
Khaoula Ben Ismail, Fatma Essafi, Imen Talik, Najla Ben Slimene, Ines Sdiri, Boudour Ben Dhia, Takoua Merhbene
Acute and Critical Care.2023; 38(3): 271. CrossRef
Gravity-induced ischemia in the brain-and prone positioning for COVID-19 patients breathing spontaneously
J. Howard Jaster, Giulia Ottaviani
Acute and Critical Care.2022; 37(1): 131. CrossRef
Gravity-induced ischemia in the brain and prone positioning for COVID-19 patients breathing spontaneously: still far from the truth!
Mabrouk Bahloul, Sana Kharrat, Kamilia Chtara, Hedi Chelly, Chokri Ben Hamida, Mounir Bouaziz
Acute and Critical Care.2022; 37(1): 134. CrossRef
A Case of COVID-19 with Acute Exacerbation after Anti-Inflammatory Treatment
Yugo Ashino, Yoichi Shirato, Masahiro Yaegashiwa, Satoshi Yamanouchi, Noriko Miyakawa, Kokichi Ando, Yumiko Sakurada, Haorile Chagan Yasutan, Toshio Hattori
Reports.2022; 5(2): 24. CrossRef
Efficacy and safety of prone position in COVID-19 patients with respiratory failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hyeon-Jeong Lee, Junghyun Kim, Miyoung Choi, Won-Il Choi, Joonsung Joh, Jungeun Park, Joohae Kim
European Journal of Medical Research.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Pulmonary
Comparison of characteristics and ventilatory course between coronavirus disease 2019 and Middle East respiratory syndrome patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome: Imran Khalid, Romaysaa M Yamani, Maryam Imran, Muhammad Ali Akhtar, Manahil Imran, Rumaan Gul, Tabindeh Jabeen Khalid, Ghassan Y Wali; Acute Crit Care. 2021;36(3):223-231. Published online July 30, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2021.00388

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Abstract PDF

Background
Both coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) can cause acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); however, their ARDS course and characteristics have not been compared, which we evaluate in our study.
Methods
MERS patients with ARDS seen during the 2014 outbreak and COVID-19 patients with ARDS admitted between March and December 2020 in our hospital were included, and their clinical characteristics, ventilatory course, and outcomes were compared.
Results
Forty-nine and 14 patients met the inclusion criteria for ARDS in the COVID-19 and MERS groups, respectively. Both groups had a median of four comorbidities with high Charlson comorbidity index value of 5 points (P>0.22). COVID-19 patients were older, obese, had significantly higher initial C-reactive protein (CRP), more likely to get trial of high-flow oxygen, and had delayed intubation (P≤0.04). The postintubation course was similar between the groups. Patients in both groups experienced a prolonged duration of mechanical ventilation, and majority received paralytics, dialysis, and vasopressor agents (P>0.28). The respiratory and ventilatory parameters after intubation (including tidal volume, fraction of inspired oxygen, peak and plateau pressures) and their progression over 3 weeks were similar (P>0.05). Rates of mortality in the ICU (53% vs. 64%) and hospital (59% vs. 64%) among COVID-19 and MERS patients (P≥0.54) were very high.
Conclusions
Despite some distinctive differences between COVID-19 and MERS patients prior to intubation, the respiratory and ventilatory parameters postintubation were not different. The higher initial CRP level in COVID-19 patients may explain the steroid responsiveness in this population.

Citations

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Does COVID-19 Vaccine Impact the Soul? A Pre-post Vaccination Comparison of Health Care Workers’ Infection Control Practices and Perspectives
Imran Khalid, Muhammad Ali Akhtar, Manahil Imran, Maryam Imran, Musaab Ahmed Mujalli, Moayad Sami Qashqari, Abeer N Alshukairi, Amina Nisar, Tabindeh Jabeen Khalid
Infectious Diseases in Clinical Practice.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Advances in mRNA and other vaccines against MERS-CoV
Wanbo Tai, Xiujuan Zhang, Yang Yang, Jiang Zhu, Lanying Du
Translational Research.2022; 242: 20. CrossRef

Basic science and research
Therapeutic hypothermia reduces inflammation and oxidative stress in the liver after asphyxial cardiac arrest in rats: Yoonsoo Park, Ji Hyeon Ahn, Tae-Kyeong Lee, Bora Kim, Hyun-Jin Tae, Joon Ha Park, Myoung Cheol Shin, Jun Hwi Cho, Moo-Ho Won; Acute Crit Care. 2020;35(4):286-295. Published online November 30, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2020.00304

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Abstract PDF

Background
Few studies have evaluated the effects of hypothermia on cardiac arrest (CA)-induced liver damage. This study aimed to investigate the effects of hypothermic therapy on the liver in a rat model of asphyxial cardiac arrest (ACA).
Methods
Rats were subjected to 5-minute ACA followed by return of spontaneous circulation (RoSC). Body temperature was controlled at 33°C±0.5°C or 37°C±0.5°C for 4 hours after RoSC in the hypothermia group and normothermia group, respectively. Liver tissues in each group were collected at 6 hours, 12 hours, 1 day, and 2 days after RoSC. To examine hepatic inflammation, mast cells were stained with toluidine blue. Superoxide anion radical production was evaluated using dihydroethidium fluorescence straining and expression of endogenous antioxidants (superoxide dismutase 1 [SOD1] and SOD2) was examined using immunohistochemistry.
Results
There were significantly more mast cells in the livers of the normothermia group with ACA than in the hypothermia group with ACA. Gradual increase in superoxide anion radical production was found with time in the normothermia group with ACA, but production was significantly suppressed in the hypothermia group with ACA relative to the normothermia group with ACA. SOD1 and SOD2 levels were higher in the hypothermia group with ACA than in the normothermia group with ACA.
Conclusions
Experimental hypothermic treatment after ACA significantly inhibited inflammation and superoxide anion radical production in the rat liver, indicating that this treatment enhanced or maintained expression of antioxidants. Our findings suggest that hypothermic therapy after CA can reduce mast cell-mediated inflammation through regulation of oxidative stress and the expression of antioxidants in the liver.

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Mechanisms of low-temperature rehabilitation technologies. Natural and artificial hypothermia
Oleg A. Shevelev, Marina V. Petrova, Elias M. Mengistu, Vladislav A. Yakimenko, Darina N. Menzhurenkova, Irina N. Kolbaskina, Maria A. Zhdanova, Nadezhda A. Khodorovich, Ekaterina O. Sheveleva
Physical and rehabilitation medicine, medical rehabilitation.2023; 5(2): 141. CrossRef
Continuously increased generation of ROS in human plasma after cardiac arrest as determined by Amplex Red oxidation
Muhammad Shoaib, Nancy Kim, Rishabh C. Choudhary, Blanca Espin, Mitsuaki Nishikimi, Ann Iverson, Tsukasa Yagi, Seyedeh Shadafarin Marashi Shoshtari, Koichiro Shinozaki, Lance B. Becker, Junhwan Kim
Free Radical Research.2023; 57(5): 384. CrossRef
Prevention and correction of postdecompression liver dysfunction in obstructive jaundice in experimental animals
M. M. Magomedov, M. A. Khamidov, H. M. Magomedov, K. I. Hajiyev
Bulletin of the Medical Institute "REAVIZ" (REHABILITATION, DOCTOR AND HEALTH).2021; 11(4): 45. CrossRef
Hypothermic treatment reduces matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression and damage in the liver following asphyxial cardiac arrest in rats
Donghwi Kim, Bora Kim, Hyejin Sim, Tae-Kyeong Lee, Hyun-Jin Tae, Jae-Chul Lee, Joon Ha Park, Jun Hwi Cho, Moo-Ho Won, Yoonsoo Park, Ji Hyeon Ahn
Laboratory Animal Research.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
High Oxygen Does Not Increase Reperfusion Injury Assessed with Lipid Peroxidation Biomarkers after Cardiac Arrest: A Post Hoc Analysis of the COMACARE Trial
Jaana Humaloja, Maximo Vento, Julia Kuligowski, Sture Andersson, José David Piñeiro-Ramos, Ángel Sánchez-Illana, Erik Litonius, Pekka Jakkula, Johanna Hästbacka, Stepani Bendel, Marjaana Tiainen, Matti Reinikainen, Markus B. Skrifvars
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2021; 10(18): 4226. CrossRef

Basic science and research
Comparison of salivary and serum cortisol levels in mechanically ventilated patients and non-critically ill patients: Jung Hee Kim, Yoon Ji Kim, Sang-Min Lee, Jinwoo Lee; Acute Crit Care. 2020;35(3):149-155. Published online August 31, 2020; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2020.00297

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Abstract PDF

Background
Although the measuring free cortisol is ideal for assessment of hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal function, it is not routinely measured. Salivary cortisol correlates well with the biologically active free cortisol. Therefore, this study measured the morning basal as well as adrenocorticotropic hormone-stimulated salivary cortisol levels in mechanically ventilated patients and compared the results with non-critically ill patients.
Methods
We prospectively enrolled 49 mechanically ventilated patients and 120 patients from the outpatient clinic. Serum and saliva samples were collected between 8 AM and 10 AM. Salivary cortisol levels were measured using an enzyme immunoassay kit. The salivary samples were insufficient in 15 mechanically ventilated patients (30.6%), and these patients were excluded from the final analysis.
Results
Mechanically ventilated patients (n=34) were significantly older and had lower body mass index and serum albumin levels and higher serum creatinine levels than non-critically ill patients (n=120). After adjustment for these parameters, both basal and stimulated salivary and serum cortisol levels were higher in mechanically ventilated patients. The increase in cortisol was not significantly different between the two groups. Serum cortisol levels showed a positive correlation with salivary cortisol levels. Among mechanically ventilated patients, both basal serum and salivary cortisol levels were lower in survivors than in non-survivors.
Conclusions
Both basal total serum and salivary cortisol levels were elevated in mechanically ventilated patients and in non-survivors.

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Associations between chronic work stress and plasma chromogranin A/catestatin among healthy workers
Xin Liu, Weimin Dang, Hui Liu, Yao Song, Ying Li, Weixian Xu
Journal of Occupational Health.2022;[Epub] CrossRef

Pediatric
Oxygenation Index in the First 24 Hours after the Diagnosis of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome as a Surrogate Metric for Risk Stratification in Children: Soo Yeon Kim, Byuhree Kim, Sun Ha Choi, Jong Deok Kim, In Suk Sol, Min Jung Kim, Yoon Hee Kim, Kyung Won Kim, Myung Hyun Sohn, Kyu-Earn Kim; Acute Crit Care. 2018;33(4):222-229. Published online November 29, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2018.00136

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
The diagnosis of pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (PARDS) is a pragmatic decision based on the degree of hypoxia at the time of onset. We aimed to determine whether reclassification using oxygenation metrics 24 hours after diagnosis could provide prognostic ability for outcomes in PARDS.
Methods
Two hundred and eighty-eight pediatric patients admitted between January 1, 2010 and January 30, 2017, who met the inclusion criteria for PARDS were retrospectively analyzed. Reclassification based on data measured 24 hours after diagnosis was compared with the initial classification, and changes in pressure parameters and oxygenation were investigated for their prognostic value with respect to mortality.
Results
PARDS severity varied widely in the first 24 hours; 52.4% of patients showed an improvement, 35.4% showed no change, and 12.2% either showed progression of PARDS or died. Multivariate analysis revealed that mortality risk significantly increased for the severe group, based on classification using metrics collected 24 hours after diagnosis (adjusted odds ratio, 26.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.43 to 209.89; P=0.002). Compared to changes in pressure variables (peak inspiratory pressure and driving pressure), changes in oxygenation (arterial partial pressure of oxygen to fraction of inspired oxygen) over the first 24 hours showed statistically better discriminative power for mortality (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, 0.701; 95% CI, 0.636 to 0.766; P<0.001).
Conclusions
Implementation of reclassification based on oxygenation metrics 24 hours after diagnosis effectively stratified outcomes in PARDS. Progress within the first 24 hours was significantly associated with outcomes in PARDS, and oxygenation response was the most discernable surrogate metric for mortality.

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A single‐center PICU present status survey of pediatric sepsis‐related acute respiratory distress syndrome
Liang Zhou, Shaojun Li, Tian Tang, Xiu Yuan, Liping Tan
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Review

Basic science and research
Role of Mitochondrial Oxidative Stress in Sepsis: Harsha Nagar, Shuyu Piao, Cuk-Seong Kim; Acute Crit Care. 2018;33(2):65-72. Published online May 31, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2018.00157

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Abstract PDF

Mitochondria are considered the power house of the cell and are an essential part of the cellular infrastructure, serving as the primary site for adenosine triphosphate production via oxidative phosphorylation. These organelles also release reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are normal byproducts of metabolism at physiological levels; however, overproduction of ROS under pathophysiological conditions is considered part of a disease process, as in sepsis. The inflammatory response inherent in sepsis initiates changes in normal mitochondrial functions that may result in organ damage. There is a complex system of interacting antioxidant defenses that normally function to combat oxidative stress and prevent damage to the mitochondria. It is widely accepted that oxidative stress-mediated injury plays an important role in the development of organ failure; however, conclusive evidence of any beneficial effect of systemic antioxidant supplementation in patients with sepsis and organ dysfunction is lacking. Nevertheless, it has been suggested that antioxidant therapy delivered specifically to the mitochondria may be useful.

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