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Original Article
Thoracic Surgery Complications of Central Venous Totally Implantable Access Port: Internal Jugular Versus Subclavian Access
Korean Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2015;30(1):13-17.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2015.30.1.13
Published online: February 28, 2015
Pil Young Jung, M.D., Hoon Ryu, M.D., Ph.D., Jae Hung Jung, M.D.*, Eunbi Lee, M.D.†, Joong Hwan Oh, M.D., Ph.D.*, Chun Sung Byun, M.D.*, Il Hwan Park, M.D.*

Department of Surgery, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, Korea

*Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, Korea

Department of Anesthesiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, Korea

Correspondence to: Il Hwan Park, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, 20, Ilsan-ro, Wonju 220-701, Korea Tel: +82-33-741-1341, Fax: +82-33-742-0666 E-mail: nicecs@yonsei.ac.kr
• Received: November 5, 2014   • Revised: December 18, 2014   • Accepted: December 29, 2014

Copyright © 2015 The Korean Society of Critical Care Medicine

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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This article has been corrected. See "Complications of Central Venous Totally Implantable Access Port: Internal Jugular Versus Subclavian Access" in Volume 30 on page 365.
  • Background
    Totally implantable access port (TIAP) provides reliable, long term vascular access with minimal risk of infection and allows patients normal physical activity. With wide use of ports, new complications have been encountered. We analyzed TIAP related complications and evaluated the outcomes of two different percutaneous routes of access to superior vena cava.
  • Methods
    All 172 patients who underwent port insertion with internal jugular approach (Group 1, n = 92) and subclavian approach (Group 2, n = 79) between August 2011 and May 2013 in a single center were analyzed, retrospectively. Medical records were analyzed to compare the outcomes and the occurrence of port related complications between two different percutaneous routes of access to superior vena cava.
  • Results
    Median follow-up for TIAP was 278 days (range, 1-1868). Twenty four complications were occurred (14.0%), including pneumothorax (n = 1, 0.6%), migration/malposition (n = 4, 2.3%), pinch-off syndrome (n = 4, 2.3%), malfunction (n = 2, 1.1%), infection (n = 8, 4.7%), and venous thrombosis (n = 5, 2.9%). The overall incidence was 8.7% and 20.3% in each group (p = 0.030). Mechanical complications except infectious and thrombotic complications were more often occurred in group 2 (p = 0.033). The mechanical complication free probability is significantly higher in group 1 (p = 0.040).
  • Conclusions
    We suggest that the jugular access should be chosen in patients who need long term catheterization because of high incidence of mechanical complication, such as pinch-off syndrome.
  • Key Words: jugular vein; subclavian vein; vascular access; vascular access devices
Central venous catheters (CVCs) are needed for the clinical management of malignant and benign conditions. Indications for CVC placement include safe administration of parenteral nutrition, specific drugs (e.g., catecholamines), and hemodynamic monitoring.[1] In particular, CVCs have become an important part of managing cancer patients because of the administration of supportive blood products, antiemetics, antibiotics, analgesics, and continual chemotherapy or other systemic therapy.[2] However, repeated venipuncture may cause physical and psychological trauma to patients.
Broviac et al[3] were the first to describe a long term venous catheter system, and since then the totally implantable access port (TIAP) has been used for cancer patients.[4] The TIAP provides reliable, long-term vascular access with minimal risk of infection while allowing patients to continue normal physical activity.[4] However, approximately 15% of patients with TIAP experience catheter-related complications. [5] Previous research has found that TIAP complication rates differed according to central venous access routes.[6-9] Furthermore, there is no consensus on whether a central venous insertion site is less prone to complications.
Therefore, the purpose of this study was to analyze TIAP-related complications that were all performed at a single institution and to evaluate the outcomes of two different percutaneous routes (internal jugular and subclavian) as access to superior vena cava.
This study included 171 patients who underwent an implantation with a Bard PortTM (Bard Inc., Salt Lake City, UT, USA) constructed of titanium and silicon rubber with 6 Fr polyurethane catheter tubing attached. The implantations were performed by a single surgeon between August 2011 and May 2013 and the results were retrospectively analyzed. All subcutaneous port devices were implanted via percutaneous landmark access with fluoroscope guidance to the internal jugular vein or via infraclavicular access to the subclavian vein. All implantations occurred under local anesthesia in an operating room, using standard surgical sterile techniques, and a chest X-ray was always performed after implantation.
Patients were divided into two Groups; Group 1 (internal jugular access) and Group 2 (subclavian access). Patient characteristics, including diagnosis, port placement sites, and port-related complications were collected. Port-related complications were documented in accordance with the Society of Interventional Radiology reporting standards. [6] Data were collected until the device was removed or the patient passed away. The comprehensive database was approved by the Institutional Review Board.
Independent t-tests, Fisher exact and chi square tests were used to compare the clinico-pathologic characteristics and evaluate the outcomes of two different percutaneous routes of access to superior vena cava. Kaplan-Meier and log rank tests were used to demonstrate the mechanical complicationfree probability between each intravenous access. All analyses were performed with SPSS version 13.0 for Windows (SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA).
Ethics statement
The study protocol was approved by the institutional review board by Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine (approval number YUMC-13-5-073). Informed consent was waived by the institutional review board.
Table 1 shows patient characteristics. Of 171 patients, 58 (33.9%) were male and 113 (35.3%) were female. Median follow-up for TIAP was 278 days (range, 1–1,868). Median age at time of port placement was 59 years (range, 1-82). Indications for TIAP included chemotherapy for solid organ malignancy (n = 118, 69.0%), lymphoproliferative disorder (n = 44, 25.7%), and a benign condition (n = 9, 5.3%). The preferred site of access was the right internal jugular vein (n = 81) in group 1. However, left subclavian access was more frequent in group 2 (n = 59). There were no statistical differences in the baseline characteristics of patients except the laterality of percutaneous access route to superior vena cava.
Procedural complications are listed in Table 2. Twenty four complications occurred (14.0%), including pneumothorax (n = 1, 0.6%), migration/malposition (n = 4, 2.3%), pinch-off syndrome (n = 4, 2.3%), malfunction (n = 3, 1.8%), local infection (n = 8, 4.7%), port related bacteremia (n = 3, 1.8%), and venous thrombosis (n = 5, 2.9%). The overall incidence was 8.7% and 20.3% in each group (p = 0.030). All patients with port related complications underwent TIAP removal. Mechanical complications, except infectious and thrombotic complications, occurred more often in group 2 (p = 0.033), and pinch-off syndrome only occurred in group 2. The mechanical complication-free probability was significantly different between the 2 groups according to Kaplan-Meier and log rank tests (p = 0.040, Fig. 1).
Over the past 50 years, there have been significant technical advances in the management of central venous catheters. [1,2] The TIAP has been extensively used world-wide to improve patient convenience and quality of life.[1,2,7] The access vein varied according to surgeon’s preference. However, the choice of access route is critical for predicting port implantation complications. Until now, the subclavian and internal jugular veins were the most common percutaneous routes of access to superior vena cava.[7-11] In the past, the subclavian vein has been the most popular route for placement of central venous catheters.[10,12,13] In the present study, a chronological change from subclavian to internal jugular access was also observed.
Several recent studies reported that the complication rate of TIAPs varied between 6-21%.[13] Historically, TIAPs have been associated with mechanical, infectious, and thrombotic complications.[4-13] Recently, a review of the Cochrane Database of Systemic Reviews concluded that subclavian and internal jugular central venous access (CVA) routes have similar risks for catheter-related complications in long-term catheterization in cancer patients.[14] Biffi et al. also demonstrated that CVA site had no impact on early and late complication rates.[8] However, another review found that the subclavian approach had a higher risk of malpositions,[1] while other studies recommend the internal jugular vein because the subclavian approach has a higher incidence of mechanical complications.[8-10] In our study, mechanical complications happened significantly more often with the subclavian approach according to the Kaplan-Meier and log rank tests. In particular, pinch-off syndrome only occurred in subclavian group. Pinch-off syndrome is defined as the anatomical compression of a catheter between the clavicle and first costoclavicular space, leading to fracture, transection, or embolization of the catheter. [15] Aitken et al[16] suggested that prompt removal of the catheter was required in patients with pinch-off syndrome. Interestingly, immediate catheter malpositioning did not occur in our series. Araújo et al[10] reported 15 cases of immediate catheter malpositioning. These discrepancies regarding the incidence of catheter malpositioning may be partly due to the use of image-guided CVA. The present study used fluoroscope-guided access in all patients. In recent years, ultrasound, venography, and fluoroscope-guided access have become widely used for reducing postoperative complications and mal-positioning.[9] The current study found that infectious and thrombotic complications did not differ significantly between groups, which is consistent with previous studies.[1,7-14]
Many clinicians prefer the superior vena cava route via the right-sided approach due to the shorter length of catheter required for implantation. Left-sided approaches are used in certain clinical situations, such as in patients who had been previously implanted with a right-sided intravenous port, or underwent a right-modified radical mastectomy. [6] In our study, the left subclavian approach was commonly performed to prevent catheter kinking because the left subclavian vein runs to the brachiocephalic vein at an obtuse angle.[17] However, 14 of 16 complications (87.5%) occurred using the left subclavian catheter compared to the right subclavian catheter, although this difference was not statistically significant. Thrombosis and pneumothorax were only developed in left subclavian TIAP. These data should be interpreted with caution because the left subclavian approach may be more prone to TIAP-related complications.
In addition, previous studies have demonstrated that TIAP complication rates vary among surgeons according to level of surgical experience,[4,11] with the highest complication rates observed in trainees.[4,11] In the present study, one cardiovascular surgeon performed all TIAP implantations.
The present study was limited by its nonrandomized, retrospective design. Subclavian access was preferred in the early insertion period, but a shift to internal jugular access was noted later. In addition, although there were no significant differences in complication rates, the laterality of access vein differed between groups. Finally, the study sample included two pediatric patients, but pediatric anatomical characteristics such as small vessels were not considered when making comparisons in the present study.
As a result, we recommend jugular access in patients who require long-term catheterization, because the subclavian approach is associated with a high incidence of mechanical complications, such as pinch-off syndrome. However, more research on this topic is needed in order to better understand the association between surgical complications and percutaneous routes of access to superior vena cava.

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Fig. 1.
The mechanical complication free probability between two groups.
kjccm-2015-30-1-13f1.gif
Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients
Group 1 Group 2 Total
Total patients, No. (%) 92 (53.8) 79 (46.2) 171 (100)
Age (year)
 Median 62 57 59
 Range 1-82 15-77 1-82
Gender, No. (%)
 Male 34 (37.0) 24 (30.4) 58 (33.9)
 Female 58 (63.0) 55 (69.6) 113 (66.1)
Type of disease, No. (%)
 Malignancy 85 (92.4) 77 (97.5) 162 (94.7)
  Brain 0 (0) 1 (1.3) 1 (0.6)
  Head and neck 1 (1.1) 1 (1.3) 2 (1.2)
  Breast 18 (19.6) 22 (27.8) 40 (24.7)
  Lung 16 (17.4) 4 (5.0) 20 (12.3)
  Thymus 0 (0) 1 (1.3) 1 (0.6)
  Esophagus 1 (1.1) 4 (5.0) 5 (3.0)
  Stomach 13 (14.1) 17 (21.5) 30 (18.5)
  Colon 0 (0) 2 (2.5) 2 (1.2)
  Genital 6 (6.5) 5 (6.3) 11 (6.8)
  Bone 3 (3.3) 3 (3.8) 6 (3.7)
  Leukemia 0 (0) 2 (2.5) 2 (1.2)
  Lymphoma 27 (29.3) 15 (19.0) 42 (25.9)
 Benign 7 (7.6) 2 (2.5) 9 (5.3)
Side, No. (%)*
 Right 81 (88.0) 20 (25.3) 101 (59.1)
 Left 11 (12.0) 59 (74.7) 70 (40.9)

Data are shown as number of patients with percentages in parentheses.

*p < 0.05 (statistical comparison by chi square test).

Table 2.
Comparison of port related complications
Group 1 Group 2 p-value
Mechanical complications, No. (%) 2 (2.2) 9 (11.4) 0.033
 Pneumothorax 0 (0.0) 1 (1.3) 0.462
 Hemothorax 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) -
 Migration/malposition 1 (1.1) 3 (3.8) 0.336
 Pinch off syndrome 0 (0.0) 4 (5.1) 0.044
 Malfunction 1 (1.1) 1 (1.3) 1.000
Infectious complications, No. (%) 4 (4.3) 4 (5.1) 1.000
Thrombotic complications, No. (%) 2 (2.2) 3 (3.8) 0.663
Total, No. (%) 8 (8.7) 16 (20.3) 0.030

Data are shown as number of patients with percentages in parentheses.

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      BMC Cancer.2016;[Epub]     CrossRef

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      Complications of Central Venous Totally Implantable Access Port: Internal Jugular Versus Subclavian Access
      Korean J Crit Care Med. 2015;30(1):13-17.   Published online February 28, 2015
      DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2015.30.1.13
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    Complications of Central Venous Totally Implantable Access Port: Internal Jugular Versus Subclavian Access
    Image
    Fig. 1. The mechanical complication free probability between two groups.

    Fig. 1.

    Complications of Central Venous Totally Implantable Access Port: Internal Jugular Versus Subclavian Access
    Group 1 Group 2 Total
    Total patients, No. (%) 92 (53.8) 79 (46.2) 171 (100)
    Age (year)
     Median 62 57 59
     Range 1-82 15-77 1-82
    Gender, No. (%)
     Male 34 (37.0) 24 (30.4) 58 (33.9)
     Female 58 (63.0) 55 (69.6) 113 (66.1)
    Type of disease, No. (%)
     Malignancy 85 (92.4) 77 (97.5) 162 (94.7)
      Brain 0 (0) 1 (1.3) 1 (0.6)
      Head and neck 1 (1.1) 1 (1.3) 2 (1.2)
      Breast 18 (19.6) 22 (27.8) 40 (24.7)
      Lung 16 (17.4) 4 (5.0) 20 (12.3)
      Thymus 0 (0) 1 (1.3) 1 (0.6)
      Esophagus 1 (1.1) 4 (5.0) 5 (3.0)
      Stomach 13 (14.1) 17 (21.5) 30 (18.5)
      Colon 0 (0) 2 (2.5) 2 (1.2)
      Genital 6 (6.5) 5 (6.3) 11 (6.8)
      Bone 3 (3.3) 3 (3.8) 6 (3.7)
      Leukemia 0 (0) 2 (2.5) 2 (1.2)
      Lymphoma 27 (29.3) 15 (19.0) 42 (25.9)
     Benign 7 (7.6) 2 (2.5) 9 (5.3)
    Side, No. (%)*
     Right 81 (88.0) 20 (25.3) 101 (59.1)
     Left 11 (12.0) 59 (74.7) 70 (40.9)
    Group 1 Group 2 p-value
    Mechanical complications, No. (%) 2 (2.2) 9 (11.4) 0.033
     Pneumothorax 0 (0.0) 1 (1.3) 0.462
     Hemothorax 0 (0.0) 0 (0.0) -
     Migration/malposition 1 (1.1) 3 (3.8) 0.336
     Pinch off syndrome 0 (0.0) 4 (5.1) 0.044
     Malfunction 1 (1.1) 1 (1.3) 1.000
    Infectious complications, No. (%) 4 (4.3) 4 (5.1) 1.000
    Thrombotic complications, No. (%) 2 (2.2) 3 (3.8) 0.663
    Total, No. (%) 8 (8.7) 16 (20.3) 0.030
    Table 1. Baseline characteristics of patients

    Data are shown as number of patients with percentages in parentheses.

    p < 0.05 (statistical comparison by chi square test).

    Table 2. Comparison of port related complications

    Data are shown as number of patients with percentages in parentheses.

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

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