1Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
2Department of Community Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3Department of Psychiatric Nursing and Management, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Copyright © 2023 The Korean Society of Critical Care Medicine
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
FUNDING
None.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Methodology: MH, FA. Writing–original draft: AM. Writing–review & editing: AM, FA.
Study | Country | Design | Aim of study |
---|---|---|---|
Holm et al. (2020) [12] | Denmark | Umbrella review | To describe the interaction between ICU patients and the ICU environment |
Gorzin et al. (2020) [39] | Iran | Quasi‑experimental study with pretest-posttest design | To evaluate the effect of education on function and communication skills of nurses with IMV patients |
Bayog et al. (2020) [30] | Philippines | Cross-sectional, choice-based conjoint analysis | To explicate the communication preferences of registered nurses towards IMV patients |
Momennasab et al. (2019) [31] | Iran | Observational study | To describe the quality of the relationship between nurses and IMV patients |
Wallander Karlsen et al. (2019) [26] | Norway | Observational study | To explore the interaction between IMV patients and healthcare personnel |
Karlsen et al. (2019) [25] | Norway | Scoping review | To examine previous knowledge about interaction between health care personnel and conscious IMV patients |
Noguchi et al. (2019) [38] | Japan | Mixed method | To examine changes in the practice of nurses who received an intervention designed to increase their awareness of endotracheally intubated, lightly sedated IMV patients’ intent to communicate |
Salem and Ahmad (2018) [29] | Jordan | Integrative review | To assess available evidence about existing skills, knowledge, and perceptions and barriers for IMV patients to communicate |
Carruthers et al. (2017) [9] | UK | Systematic review | To assess the effectiveness of AAC strategies to enable IMV patients to communicate |
Dithole et al. (2017) [36] | South Africa | Qualitative study | To describe nurses’ experience of a communication skills training intervention |
Dithole et al. (2016) [6] | South Africa | Structured review | To identify communication challenges existing between nurses and IMV patients |
Dithole et al. (2016) [14] | South Africa | A retrospective descriptive and explorative research design with a quantitative approach | To determine the existing knowledge and skills of intensive care nurses working with MV patients |
Ten Hoorn et al. (2016) [34] | Netherlands | Systematic review | To summarize the current evidence regarding communication methods with IMV patients |
Foà et al. (2016) [7] | Italy | Qualitative study | To investigate how the ICU nurses manages communications and relationships |
Tembo et al. (2015) [24] | Australia | Qualitative, phenomenological | Describe the lived experiences of people who experienced critical ill patients in the ICU and how it affects the participants' continued existence beyond ICU and hospitalization |
hermeneutical research | |||
Happ et al. (2014) [37] | USA | Quasi-experimental design | To assess the effect of two levels of intervention on communication ease, quality, frequency, and success between nurses and IMV patients |
Nilsen et al. (2014) [17] | USA | Descriptive correlational design | To describe interaction behaviors between nurses and IMV patients and factors which could affect communication |
To assess relationship between interaction behaviors and nursing care quality | |||
Nilsen et al. (2013) [32] | USA | Secondary analysis of data from a quasi-experimental study | To examine the association between nurse and patient characteristics, and duration of nurse talk |
Meriläinen et al. (2013) [28] | Finland | Mixed method study | To describe the interaction between IMV patients and the ICU environment from the perspective of the patients’ memories |
Karlsson et al. (2012) [4] | Sweden | Qualitative, phenomenological | To observe, interpret, and describe nurses’ communication with conscious IMV patients |
hermeneutical research | |||
Happ et al. (2011) [27] | USA | Quantitative (descriptive study) | To describe communication interactions, methods, and assistive techniques between nurses and nonspeaking patients in the ICU |
Khalaila et al. (2011) [33] | Israel | Cross-sectional study | To investigate the relationship between communication characteristics and psycho-emotional distress among IMV patients, and identify factors predictive of psychological outcomes |
Grossbach et al. (2011) [35] | Minneapolis | Review article | To review various strategies to promote effective communication between IMV patients, health care staff, and patients’ family members |
Theme | Category | Subcategory |
---|---|---|
Factor related to patient | Physical strength | ▪ Physical condition [12,28,32,34] |
▪ Clinical condition [6,12,27,28] | ||
Mental, cognitive and sensory status | ▪ Mental and cognitive status [6,12,34] | |
▪ Level of consciousness [6,12,27,32] | ||
▪ Patients' sensory status [12,34] | ||
Factor related to nurse | Communication competency | ▪ Nurses' skills in controlling and directing communication [6,36] |
▪ Nurses' skills in communication methods [6,36] | ||
▪ Nurses' skills in communicating with accuracy, sensitivity, and attention [6,36] | ||
▪ Nurses' commitment, knowledge and communication experiences [6,36] | ||
Nursing interventions facilitating communication | ▪ Paying attention to the communication duration [6,32,35] | |
▪ Maintaining a proper distance from the patient [6,14,35] | ||
▪ Paying attention to the patient needs [7,35] | ||
▪ Considering nurses' preferences to communicate [30] | ||
▪ Use of para-verbal communication [6,7,14,35] | ||
▪ Evaluate the patient's conditions, needs and communication barriers [6,12,14,35] | ||
Nurse-related barrier factor | ▪ Inadequate knowledge [34] | |
▪ Task-oriented communication [6] | ||
▪ Communication at an inappropriate time [6,14] | ||
Organizational factor | Nurses’ working condition | ▪ Work load pressure [7] |
▪ Lack of time [7] | ||
Managerial factor | ▪ Development of communication tools and AAC technologies [29,36] | |
▪ Recruiting helpful human resources specialized in communication [7,29,37] | ||
▪ Development, application and evaluation of communication standards, tools, and algorithms [12,14,34] | ||
▪ Developing nursing education and training [7,12,14,29,35-38] | ||
▪ Evaluating and developing nurses' communication skills [36] | ||
▪ Improving communication documentation [12,34] | ||
Organizational culture | ▪ Team work [25,35] | |
▪ Inter-professional participation [29,35] | ||
▪ Sharing experiences [7] | ||
Environmental factor | Environmental facilitator | ▪ Appropriate physical environment [7] |
▪ Friendly and comfortable communication environment [7,35] | ||
Environmental barrier | ▪ Unfamiliar environment [7,28] | |
▪ Noisy environment [6,35] |
Theme | Category | Subcategory |
---|---|---|
Effective communication outcomes | Improving the patients' health outcomes | ▪ Promoting the patient's health and recovery [25,29] |
▪ Promoting the patient comfort and convenience [29,37] | ||
▪ Prevent adverse medical outcomes [17,25,30] | ||
Supporting patient rights | ▪ Patient satisfaction [38] | |
▪ Patient participation [25-27,29] | ||
▪ Patient respect ▪ Patient satisfaction [38] | ||
▪ Improving the quality of medical decisions [7,25,28] | ||
Effective nursing care | ▪ Development of individual care quality [28,29] | |
▪ Identifying and meet the patient needs [7,29] | ||
▪ Improving patient abilities and safety [25,29] | ||
Ineffective communication outcomes | Nurse's occupational stress | ▪ Nurse's frustration and dissatisfaction [7,31] |
▪ Nurse's feeling of failure and role inadequacy [7] | ||
Patient's physical and mental health disorders | ▪ Incidence of anxiety disorders in the patient [9,14,25] | |
▪ Patient emotional instability [12,24,27] | ||
▪ Patient's body image disturbance [24,27] | ||
▪ Impaired patient's health and recovery [14,27,28,30] | ||
Unpleasant and negative emotional experiences of the patient | ▪ Feeling of dependency and vulnerability [12] | |
▪ Patient's experience of being in a bad situation between life and death [12,24] | ||
▪ Patient's sense of captivity [12] | ||
▪ Patient's feeling of despair and dissatisfaction [9,12,25,31] | ||
▪ Patient's feeling of suffering and disorientation due to unmet needs[12] | ||
Patient's unsatisfied needs | ▪ Unmet patient's needs [12] | |
▪ Unknown patient's needs [12] | ||
▪ Unevaluated patient's needs [30] |
Study | Country | Design | Aim of study |
---|---|---|---|
Holm et al. (2020) [12] | Denmark | Umbrella review | To describe the interaction between ICU patients and the ICU environment |
Gorzin et al. (2020) [39] | Iran | Quasi‑experimental study with pretest-posttest design | To evaluate the effect of education on function and communication skills of nurses with IMV patients |
Bayog et al. (2020) [30] | Philippines | Cross-sectional, choice-based conjoint analysis | To explicate the communication preferences of registered nurses towards IMV patients |
Momennasab et al. (2019) [31] | Iran | Observational study | To describe the quality of the relationship between nurses and IMV patients |
Wallander Karlsen et al. (2019) [26] | Norway | Observational study | To explore the interaction between IMV patients and healthcare personnel |
Karlsen et al. (2019) [25] | Norway | Scoping review | To examine previous knowledge about interaction between health care personnel and conscious IMV patients |
Noguchi et al. (2019) [38] | Japan | Mixed method | To examine changes in the practice of nurses who received an intervention designed to increase their awareness of endotracheally intubated, lightly sedated IMV patients’ intent to communicate |
Salem and Ahmad (2018) [29] | Jordan | Integrative review | To assess available evidence about existing skills, knowledge, and perceptions and barriers for IMV patients to communicate |
Carruthers et al. (2017) [9] | UK | Systematic review | To assess the effectiveness of AAC strategies to enable IMV patients to communicate |
Dithole et al. (2017) [36] | South Africa | Qualitative study | To describe nurses’ experience of a communication skills training intervention |
Dithole et al. (2016) [6] | South Africa | Structured review | To identify communication challenges existing between nurses and IMV patients |
Dithole et al. (2016) [14] | South Africa | A retrospective descriptive and explorative research design with a quantitative approach | To determine the existing knowledge and skills of intensive care nurses working with MV patients |
Ten Hoorn et al. (2016) [34] | Netherlands | Systematic review | To summarize the current evidence regarding communication methods with IMV patients |
Foà et al. (2016) [7] | Italy | Qualitative study | To investigate how the ICU nurses manages communications and relationships |
Tembo et al. (2015) [24] | Australia | Qualitative, phenomenological | Describe the lived experiences of people who experienced critical ill patients in the ICU and how it affects the participants' continued existence beyond ICU and hospitalization |
hermeneutical research | |||
Happ et al. (2014) [37] | USA | Quasi-experimental design | To assess the effect of two levels of intervention on communication ease, quality, frequency, and success between nurses and IMV patients |
Nilsen et al. (2014) [17] | USA | Descriptive correlational design | To describe interaction behaviors between nurses and IMV patients and factors which could affect communication |
To assess relationship between interaction behaviors and nursing care quality | |||
Nilsen et al. (2013) [32] | USA | Secondary analysis of data from a quasi-experimental study | To examine the association between nurse and patient characteristics, and duration of nurse talk |
Meriläinen et al. (2013) [28] | Finland | Mixed method study | To describe the interaction between IMV patients and the ICU environment from the perspective of the patients’ memories |
Karlsson et al. (2012) [4] | Sweden | Qualitative, phenomenological | To observe, interpret, and describe nurses’ communication with conscious IMV patients |
hermeneutical research | |||
Happ et al. (2011) [27] | USA | Quantitative (descriptive study) | To describe communication interactions, methods, and assistive techniques between nurses and nonspeaking patients in the ICU |
Khalaila et al. (2011) [33] | Israel | Cross-sectional study | To investigate the relationship between communication characteristics and psycho-emotional distress among IMV patients, and identify factors predictive of psychological outcomes |
Grossbach et al. (2011) [35] | Minneapolis | Review article | To review various strategies to promote effective communication between IMV patients, health care staff, and patients’ family members |
Theme | Category | Subcategory |
---|---|---|
Factor related to patient | Physical strength | ▪ Physical condition [12,28,32,34] |
▪ Clinical condition [6,12,27,28] | ||
Mental, cognitive and sensory status | ▪ Mental and cognitive status [6,12,34] | |
▪ Level of consciousness [6,12,27,32] | ||
▪ Patients' sensory status [12,34] | ||
Factor related to nurse | Communication competency | ▪ Nurses' skills in controlling and directing communication [6,36] |
▪ Nurses' skills in communication methods [6,36] | ||
▪ Nurses' skills in communicating with accuracy, sensitivity, and attention [6,36] | ||
▪ Nurses' commitment, knowledge and communication experiences [6,36] | ||
Nursing interventions facilitating communication | ▪ Paying attention to the communication duration [6,32,35] | |
▪ Maintaining a proper distance from the patient [6,14,35] | ||
▪ Paying attention to the patient needs [7,35] | ||
▪ Considering nurses' preferences to communicate [30] | ||
▪ Use of para-verbal communication [6,7,14,35] | ||
▪ Evaluate the patient's conditions, needs and communication barriers [6,12,14,35] | ||
Nurse-related barrier factor | ▪ Inadequate knowledge [34] | |
▪ Task-oriented communication [6] | ||
▪ Communication at an inappropriate time [6,14] | ||
Organizational factor | Nurses’ working condition | ▪ Work load pressure [7] |
▪ Lack of time [7] | ||
Managerial factor | ▪ Development of communication tools and AAC technologies [29,36] | |
▪ Recruiting helpful human resources specialized in communication [7,29,37] | ||
▪ Development, application and evaluation of communication standards, tools, and algorithms [12,14,34] | ||
▪ Developing nursing education and training [7,12,14,29,35-38] | ||
▪ Evaluating and developing nurses' communication skills [36] | ||
▪ Improving communication documentation [12,34] | ||
Organizational culture | ▪ Team work [25,35] | |
▪ Inter-professional participation [29,35] | ||
▪ Sharing experiences [7] | ||
Environmental factor | Environmental facilitator | ▪ Appropriate physical environment [7] |
▪ Friendly and comfortable communication environment [7,35] | ||
Environmental barrier | ▪ Unfamiliar environment [7,28] | |
▪ Noisy environment [6,35] |
Theme | Category | Subcategory |
---|---|---|
Effective communication outcomes | Improving the patients' health outcomes | ▪ Promoting the patient's health and recovery [25,29] |
▪ Promoting the patient comfort and convenience [29,37] | ||
▪ Prevent adverse medical outcomes [17,25,30] | ||
Supporting patient rights | ▪ Patient satisfaction [38] | |
▪ Patient participation [25-27,29] | ||
▪ Patient respect ▪ Patient satisfaction [38] | ||
▪ Improving the quality of medical decisions [7,25,28] | ||
Effective nursing care | ▪ Development of individual care quality [28,29] | |
▪ Identifying and meet the patient needs [7,29] | ||
▪ Improving patient abilities and safety [25,29] | ||
Ineffective communication outcomes | Nurse's occupational stress | ▪ Nurse's frustration and dissatisfaction [7,31] |
▪ Nurse's feeling of failure and role inadequacy [7] | ||
Patient's physical and mental health disorders | ▪ Incidence of anxiety disorders in the patient [9,14,25] | |
▪ Patient emotional instability [12,24,27] | ||
▪ Patient's body image disturbance [24,27] | ||
▪ Impaired patient's health and recovery [14,27,28,30] | ||
Unpleasant and negative emotional experiences of the patient | ▪ Feeling of dependency and vulnerability [12] | |
▪ Patient's experience of being in a bad situation between life and death [12,24] | ||
▪ Patient's sense of captivity [12] | ||
▪ Patient's feeling of despair and dissatisfaction [9,12,25,31] | ||
▪ Patient's feeling of suffering and disorientation due to unmet needs[12] | ||
Patient's unsatisfied needs | ▪ Unmet patient's needs [12] | |
▪ Unknown patient's needs [12] | ||
▪ Unevaluated patient's needs [30] |
ICU: intensive care unit; IMV: invasive mechanically ventilated; AAC: augmentative and alternative communication; MV: mechanical ventilation.
N-CMVPC: nurse–conscious mechanically ventilated patient communication; ICU: intensive care unit; AAC: augmentative and alternative communication.
N-CMVPC: nurse–conscious mechanically ventilated patient communication; ICU: intensive care unit.