Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

ACC : Acute and Critical Care

OPEN ACCESS
SEARCH
Search

Search

Page Path
HOME > Search
4 "guidelines"
Filter
Filter
Article category
Keywords
Publication year
Authors
Funded articles
Guidelines
Early management of adult sepsis and septic shock: Korean clinical practice guidelines
Chul Park, Nam Su Ku, Dae Won Park, Joo Hyun Park, Tae Sun Ha, Do Wan Kim, So Young Park, Youjin Chang, Kwang Wook Jo, Moon Seong Baek, Yijun Seo, Tae Gun Shin, Gina Yu, Jongmin Lee, Yong Jun Choi, Ji Young Jang, Yun Tae Jung, Inseok Jeong, Hwa Jin Cho, Ala Woo, Sua Kim, Dae-Hwan Bae, Sung Wook Kang, Sun Hyo Park, Gee Young Suh, Sunghoon Park
Acute Crit Care. 2024;39(4):445-472.   Published online November 18, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2024.00920
  • 1,204 View
  • 202 Download
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Background
Despite recent advances and global improvements in sepsis recognition and supportive care, mortality rates remain high, and adherence to sepsis bundle components in Korea is low. To address this, the Korean Sepsis Alliance, affiliated with the Korean Society of Critical Care Medicine, developed the first sepsis treatment guidelines for Korea based on a comprehensive systematic review and meta-analysis.
Methods
A de novo method was used to develop the guidelines. Methodologies included determining key questions, conducting a literature search and selection, assessing the risk of bias, synthesizing evidence, and developing recommendations. The certainty of evidence and the strength of recommendations were determined using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations approach. Draft recommendations underwent internal and external review processes and public hearings. The development of these guidelines was supported by a research grant from the Korean Disease Control and Prevention Agency.
Results
In these guidelines, we focused on early treatments for adult patients with sepsis and septic shock. Through the guideline development process, 12 key questions and their respective recommendations were formulated. These include lactate measurement, fluid therapies, target blood pressure, antibiotic administration, use of vasopressors and dobutamine, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and echocardiography.
Conclusions
These guidelines aim to support medical professionals in making appropriate decisions about treating adult sepsis and septic shock. We hope these guidelines will increase awareness of sepsis and reduce its mortality rate.
Pulmonary
Liberation from mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients: Korean Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines
Tae Sun Ha, Dong Kyu Oh, Hak-Jae Lee, Youjin Chang, In Seok Jeong, Yun Su Sim, Suk-Kyung Hong, Sunghoon Park, Gee Young Suh, So Young Park
Acute Crit Care. 2024;39(1):1-23.   Published online February 28, 2024
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2024.00052
  • 7,125 View
  • 1,090 Download
  • 1 Web of Science
  • 2 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDFSupplementary Material
Background
Successful liberation from mechanical ventilation is one of the most crucial processes in critical care because it is the first step by which a respiratory failure patient begins to transition out of the intensive care unit and return to their own life. Therefore, when devising appropriate strategies for removing mechanical ventilation, it is essential to consider not only the individual experiences of healthcare professionals, but also scientific and systematic approaches. Recently, numerous studies have investigated methods and tools for identifying when mechanically ventilated patients are ready to breathe on their own. The Korean Society of Critical Care Medicine therefore provides these recommendations to clinicians about liberation from the ventilator. Methods: Meta-analyses and comprehensive syntheses were used to thoroughly review, compile, and summarize the complete body of relevant evidence. All studies were meticulously assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) method, and the outcomes were presented succinctly as evidence profiles. Those evidence syntheses were discussed by a multidisciplinary committee of experts in mechanical ventilation, who then developed and approved recommendations. Results: Recommendations for nine PICO (population, intervention, comparator, and outcome) questions about ventilator liberation are presented in this document. This guideline includes seven conditional recommendations, one expert consensus recommendation, and one conditional deferred recommendation. Conclusions: We developed these clinical guidelines for mechanical ventilation liberation to provide meaningful recommendations. These guidelines reflect the best treatment for patients seeking liberation from mechanical ventilation.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Comparison of programmed sedation care with conventional care in patients receiving mechanical ventilation for acute respiratory failure
    Jiantang Wang, Yuntao Li, Yujuan Han, Xinyu Yuan
    Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -).2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • RELAÇÃO DA FORÇA MUSCULAR PERIFÉRICA COM O DESMAME DA VENTILAÇÃO MECÂNICA
    Débora Rillary Duarte Filho, Gabriella Schultz Malagute, Luciana Ferreira Rihs, Priscila Corrêa Cavalcanti
    Revista Saúde Dos Vales.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
Review Article
Neurology
Prevention and management of delirium in critically ill adult patients in the intensive care unit: a review based on the 2018 PADIS guidelines
Seung Yong Park, Heung Bum Lee
Acute Crit Care. 2019;34(2):117-125.   Published online April 17, 2019
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2019.00451
  • 24,354 View
  • 1,450 Download
  • 45 Web of Science
  • 47 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
Delirium is an acute, confusional state characterized by altered consciousness and a reduced ability to focus, sustain, or shift attention. It is associated with a number of complex underlying medical conditions and can be difficult to recognize. Many critically ill patients (e.g., up to 80% of patients in the intensive care unit [ICU]) experience delirium due to underlying medical or surgical health problems, recent surgical or other invasive procedures, medications, or various noxious stimuli (e.g., underlying psychological stressors, mechanical ventilation, noise, light, patient care interactions, and drug-induced sleep disruption or deprivation). Delirium is associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU admittance as well as an increased risk of death, disability, and long-term cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, the early recognition of delirium is important and ICU medical staff should devote careful attention to both watching for the occurrence of delirium and its prevention and management. This review presents a brief overview of delirium and an update of the literature with reference to the 2018 Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Analytical Review of Unplanned Extubation in Intensive Care Units and Recommendation on Multidisciplinary Preventive Approaches
    Antonious Anis, Ravi Patel, Maged A Tanios
    Journal of Intensive Care Medicine.2024; 39(6): 507.     CrossRef
  • Precision Anesthesia in 2050
    Frederick H. Kuo, Brant H. Tudor, Geoffrey M. Gray, Luis M. Ahumada, Mohamed A. Rehman, Scott C. Watkins
    Anesthesia & Analgesia.2024; 138(2): 326.     CrossRef
  • Nursing Intervention to Prevent and Manage Delirium in Critically Ill Patients: A Scoping Review
    Filipa Fernandes, Mariana Santos, Ana Margarida Anacleto, Cátia Jerónimo, Óscar Ferreira, Cristina Lavareda Baixinho
    Healthcare.2024; 12(11): 1134.     CrossRef
  • Association Between Pupil Light Reflex and Delirium in Adults With Traumatic Brain Injury: Preliminary Findings
    Alexandra Lapierre, Annie Proulx, Céline Gélinas, Stéphanie Dollé, Sheila Alexander, David Williamson, Francis Bernard, Caroline Arbour
    Journal of Neuroscience Nursing.2024; 56(4): 107.     CrossRef
  • Geriatri Hastalarında Hemşirelerin Deliryumu Erken Tanımlayabilme Durumunun İncelenmesi
    Pınar Yel, Duygu Akbaş Uysal, Ayfer Karadakovan
    Yoğun Bakım Hemşireliği Dergisi.2024; 28(2): 57.     CrossRef
  • Bibliometric Analysis of Studies on Delirium in Critical Care
    Volkan Hancı, Hale Turhan Damar, Muhammet Damar
    Dimensions of Critical Care Nursing.2024; 43(6): 291.     CrossRef
  • Use of dexmedetomidine during light versus deep anaesthesia on postoperative delirium among elderly patients undergoing major non-cardiac surgery: protocol for a multicentre randomised factorial trial
    Hai-Jing Shi, Min-Yuan Zhuang, Jing-Hui Hu, Yu-Qin Long, Yan-Ping Gao, Zhong Zheng, Xiao-Mei Feng, Fu-Hai Ji, Ke Peng
    BMJ Open.2024; 14(10): e083312.     CrossRef
  • Optimizing Administration and Timing of Post Intubation Analgesia and Sedation in the Emergency Department
    Robert Needleman, Sean Dyer, Kristen A. Martinez, Joanne C. Routsolias
    Journal of Emergency Nursing.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Incidence, characteristics and risk factors of delirium in the intensive care unit: An observational study
    Öznur Erbay Dalli, Nermin Kelebek Girgin, Ferda Kahveci
    Journal of Clinical Nursing.2023; 32(1-2): 96.     CrossRef
  • Sustained adherence to a delirium guideline five years after implementation in an intensive care setting: A retrospective cohort study
    Marlies van Bochove-Waardenburg, Mathieu van der Jagt, Janneke de Man-van Ginkel, Erwin Ista
    Intensive and Critical Care Nursing.2023; 76: 103398.     CrossRef
  • Impact of critical care pharmacist‐led interventions on pain, agitation, and delirium in mechanically ventilated adults: A systematic review
    Mitchell S. Buckley, Russel J. Roberts, Melanie J. Yerondopoulos, Audrey K. Bushway, Grace C. Korkames, Sandra L. Kane‐Gill
    JACCP: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY.2023; 6(9): 1041.     CrossRef
  • Delirium in the intensive care unit: a narrative review
    Stefania Renzi, Nicola Gitti, Simone Piva
    Journal of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2023; 71(1): 22.     CrossRef
  • Delirio y su relación con la supervivencia en pacientes geriátricos con neumonía grave por SARS-CoV-2 en un hospital de tercer nivel de atención en México
    Cynthia Daniela Bazán Acevedo, Edgar Fernández Muñoz, Netzahualcóyotl González Pérez, Lilia López Carrillo
    Medicina Crítica.2023; 37(1): 35.     CrossRef
  • Effect of using eye masks and earplugs in preventing delirium in intensive care patients: A single‐blinded, randomized, controlled trial
    Gülşen Kiliç, Sultan Kav
    Nursing in Critical Care.2023; 28(5): 698.     CrossRef
  • Yoğun Bakım Deliryumunun Erken Tespitinde Rekalibre PRE-DELIRIC Modelinin Prospektif Değerlendirilmesi
    Öznur ERBAY DALLI, Gülbahar ÇALIŞKAN, Yasemin YILDIRIM, Nermin KELEBEK GİRGİN
    Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi.2023; 49(1): 55.     CrossRef
  • Still WALKing-FOR: 2-year sustainability of the ‘WALK FOR’ intervention
    Efrat Gil, Anna Zisberg, Efrat Shadmi, Nurit Gur-Yaish, Ksenya Shulyaev, Yehudith Chayat, Maayan Agmon
    Age and Ageing.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Optimization of Care for the Elderly Surgical Emergency Patient
    Rachel Lynne Warner, Nadia Iwanyshyn, Donald Johnson, David J. Skarupa
    Surgical Clinics of North America.2023; 103(6): 1253.     CrossRef
  • Identification and Best Practice Management of Comorbid Geri-Psych Conditions in Critical Care
    Noel Koller-Ditto
    Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America.2023; 35(4): 481.     CrossRef
  • Inclusion of frailty improved performance of delirium prediction for elderly patients in the cardiac intensive care unit (D-FRAIL): A prospective derivation and external validation study
    Rongrong Guo, Shan Zhang, Saiying Yu, Xiangyu Li, Xinju Liu, Yanling Shen, Jinling Wei, Ying Wu
    International Journal of Nursing Studies.2023; 147: 104582.     CrossRef
  • Motion Detectors as Additional Monitoring Devices in the Intensive Care Unit—A Proof-of-Concept Study
    Gülmisal Güder, Eva von Rein, Thomas Flohr, Dirk Weismann, Dominik Schmitt, Stefan Störk, Stefan Frantz, Vincent Kratzer, Christian Kendi
    Applied Sciences.2023; 13(16): 9319.     CrossRef
  • The risk factors of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy: an updated meta-analysis
    Jinhua He, Ran Duan, Peng Qiu, Huanhuan Zhang, Meng Zhang, Meinv Liu, Xiaoqian Wu, Jianli Li
    Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Sedation for Patients with Sepsis: Towards a Personalised Approach
    José Miguel Marcos-Vidal, Rafael González, María Merino, Eva Higuera, Cristina García
    Journal of Personalized Medicine.2023; 13(12): 1641.     CrossRef
  • Le delirium, un syndrome mal connu
    Jean-Pierre Bénézech
    La Revue de l'Infirmière.2022; 71(277): 42.     CrossRef
  • Associations of Smoking With Delirium and Opioid Use in Older Adults With Traumatic Hip Fracture
    Kristin Salottolo, Richard Meinig, Landon Fine, Michael Kelly, Robert Madayag, Francie Ekengren, Allen Tanner, David Bar-Or
    JAAOS: Global Research and Reviews.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • O papel do enfermeiro na prevenção do delirium no paciente adulto/idoso crítico
    Cláudia Oliveira, Cátia Filipa Garnacho Martins Nobre, Rita Margarida Dourado Marques, Maria Manuela Madureira Lebre Mendes, Patrícia Cruz Pontífice Sousa
    Revista Cuidarte.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Predictors of sedation period for critical illness patients focusing on early rehabilitation on the bed
    Yosuke Morimoto, Tsubasa Watanabe, Masato Oikawa, Masatoshi Hanada, Motohiro Sekino, Tetsuya Hara, Ryo Kozu
    Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index predicts post-operative delirium in the elderly following thoracic and abdominal surgery: A prospective observational cohort study
    Jing Liu, Jianli Li, Jinhua He, Huanhuan Zhang, Meinv Liu, Junfang Rong
    Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Effects of Pain, Agitation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption Education on Novice Nurses in Adult Intensive Care Units
    Szu-Ying Lee, Chieh-Yu Liu, Te-Yu Wu
    Healthcare.2022; 10(8): 1538.     CrossRef
  • Pain Assessment with the BPS and CCPOT Behavioral Pain Scales in Mechanically Ventilated Patients Requiring Analgesia and Sedation
    Katarzyna Wojnar-Gruszka, Aurelia Sega, Lucyna Płaszewska-Żywko, Stanisław Wojtan, Marcelina Potocka, Maria Kózka
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(17): 10894.     CrossRef
  • Item analysis of the Korean version of the Intensive Care Experience Questionnaire: Using the Rasch Model based on Item Response Theory
    Jiyeon Kang, Minhui Kim
    Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing.2022; 15(3): 37.     CrossRef
  • Complex Hallucinations in Hospitalized Rehabilitation Patients With COVID-19
    Mari Tobita, Shan-Pin Fanchiang, Aida Saldivar, Sarah Taylor, Barry Jordan
    Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation.2022; 4(4): 100234.     CrossRef
  • Effects of uncomfortable care and histamine H2-antagonists on delirium in acute stroke: A propensity score analysis
    Tomoki Nakamizo, Toshie Kanda, Yosuke Kudo, Eriko Sugawara, Erina Hashimoto, Ayana Okazaki, Makoto Usuda, Toru Nagai, Hiroshi Hara, Ken Johkura
    Journal of the Neurological Sciences.2021; 420: 117251.     CrossRef
  • Critical Care Considerations for Damage Control in a Trauma Patient
    Shannon Gaasch
    AACN Advanced Critical Care.2021; 32(1): 64.     CrossRef
  • Development and Validation of a Clinical Prediction Model for Sleep Disorders in the ICU: A Retrospective Cohort Study
    Yun Li, Lina Zhao, Chenyi Yang, Zhiqiang Yu, Jiannan Song, Qi Zhou, Xizhe Zhang, Jie Gao, Qiang Wang, Haiyun Wang
    Frontiers in Neuroscience.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Delirium and Associated Length of Stay and Costs in Critically Ill Patients
    Claudia Dziegielewski, Charlenn Skead, Toros Canturk, Colleen Webber, Shannon M. Fernando, Laura H. Thompson, Madison Foster, Vanja Ristovic, Peter G. Lawlor, Dipayan Chaudhuri, Chintan Dave, Brent Herritt, Shirley H. Bush, Salmaan Kanji, Peter Tanuseputr
    Critical Care Research and Practice.2021; 2021: 1.     CrossRef
  • Effects of a simulation‐based education programme on delirium care for critical care nurses: A randomized controlled trial
    Mu‐Hsing Ho, Lee‐Fen Yu, Pu‐Hung Lin, Hui‐Chen (Rita) Chang, Victoria Traynor, Wen‐Cheng Huang, Jed Montayre, Kee‐Hsin Chen
    Journal of Advanced Nursing.2021; 77(8): 3483.     CrossRef
  • A Note on Common Apathy versus Hypoactive Delirium in Critical Illness
    Jan N. M. Schieveld, Jacqueline J. M. H. Strik
    American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.2021; 203(7): 921.     CrossRef
  • Effect of Sedatives on In-hospital and Long-term Mortality of Critically Ill Patients Requiring Extended Mechanical Ventilation for ≥ 48 Hours
    Hannah Lee, Seongmi Choi, Eun Jin Jang, Juhee Lee, Dalho Kim, Seokha Yoo, Seung-Young Oh, Ho Geol Ryu
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Improving delirium detection in intensive care units: Multicomponent education and training program
    Liron Sinvani, Cynthia Delle Site, Tara Laumenede, Vidhi Patel, Suzanne Ardito, Anum Ilyas, Craig Hertz, Gisele Wolf‐Klein, Renee Pekmezaris, Negin Hajizadeh, Lily Thomas
    Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.2021; 69(11): 3249.     CrossRef
  • Delirium in Critical Illness Patients and the Potential Role of Thiamine Therapy in Prevention and Treatment: Findings from a Scoping Review with Implications for Evidence-Based Practice
    Sandra Lange, Wioletta Mędrzycka-Dąbrowska, Adriano Friganovic, Ber Oomen, Sabina Krupa
    International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(16): 8809.     CrossRef
  • The Impact of an Attending Intensivist on the Clinical Outcomes of Patients Admitted to the Cardiac Surgical Intensive Care Unit after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
    Dong Jung Kim, Bongyeon Sohn, Hakju Kim, Hyoung Woo Chang, Jae Hang Lee, Jun Sung Kim, Cheong Lim, Kay-Hyun Park
    The Korean Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery.2020; 53(1): 8.     CrossRef
  • INCIDENCIA DE DELIRIO SEGÚN EL REGIMEN DE VISITAS EN UNA UNIDAD DE CUIDADOS INTENSIVOS
    Juan Carlos Muñoz Camargo
    Enfermería Intensiva.2020; 31(2): 94.     CrossRef
  • Incidence of delirium according to the visiting regime in an intensive care unit
    J.C. Muñoz Camargo
    Enfermería Intensiva (English ed.).2020; 31(2): 94.     CrossRef
  • The Diagnostic Accuracy of Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) in ICU Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
    Yue Zhai, Shining Cai, Yuxia Zhang
    Journal of Pain and Symptom Management.2020; 60(4): 847.     CrossRef
  • Neurologic Manifestations of Systemic Disease: Sleep Disorders
    Eric M. Davis, Chintan Ramani, Mark Quigg
    Current Treatment Options in Neurology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • Delirium
    Melissa L.P. Mattison
    Annals of Internal Medicine.2020; 173(7): ITC49.     CrossRef
  • Neurological Complications and Noninvasive Multimodal Neuromonitoring in Critically Ill Mechanically Ventilated COVID-19 Patients
    Denise Battaglini, Gregorio Santori, Karthikka Chandraptham, Francesca Iannuzzi, Matilde Bastianello, Fabio Tarantino, Lorenzo Ball, Daniele Roberto Giacobbe, Antonio Vena, Matteo Bassetti, Matilde Inglese, Antonio Uccelli, Patricia Rieken Macedo Rocco, N
    Frontiers in Neurology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
Original Article
Medical Residents' Perception and Emotional Stress on Withdrawing Life-Sustaining Therapy
Jae Young Moon, Hee Young Lee, Chae Man Lim, Younsuck Koh
Korean J Crit Care Med. 2012;27(1):16-23.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2012.27.1.16
  • 3,216 View
  • 33 Download
  • 5 Crossref
AbstractAbstract PDF
BACKGROUND
In order to promote the dignity of terminal patients, and improve end-of-life care (EOL care) in Korea, consensus guidelines to the withdrawal of life-sustaining therapies (LST) were published in October, 2009. The aim of this study was to assess the current perception of the guideline among internal medicine residents and to identify barriers to the application of the guidelines.
METHODS
The study was designed prospectively on the basis of data from e-mail survey. We surveyed 98 medical residents working in 19 medical centers.
RESULTS
75.5% of respondents agreed with withdrawing (WD) of LST and 33.3% (33/98) of respondents were unaware of the guideline. Although 58.1% of all respondents had taken an EOL care class in medical school, about 30% of residents did feel uncomfortable with communicating with patients and surrogates. The most important obstacle for decision of WD of LST was the resident's psychological stress. 39.8% of medical residents felt guilty or failure after a patient's death, and 41.8% became often or always depressed in a patient's dying.
CONCLUSIONS
In order to protect and enhance the dignity and autonomy of terminal patients, the improvement of the medical training program in the hospitals and the more concern of educational leaders are urgent.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by  
  • Moral Distress Regarding End-of-Life Care Among Healthcare Personnel in Korean University Hospitals: Features and Differences Between Physicians and Nurses
    Eun Kyung Choi, Jiyeon Kang, Hye Youn Park, Yu Jung Kim, Jinui Hong, Shin Hye Yoo, Min Sun Kim, Bhumsuk Keam, Hye Yoon Park
    Journal of Korean Medical Science.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
  • The Effects of South Korean Social Workers' Professional Resources on their Understanding of a Patient's Right to End‐of‐Life Care Decisions in Long‐term Care Facilities
    Sooyoun Han
    Asian Social Work and Policy Review.2016; 10(2): 200.     CrossRef
  • A Study of Social Workers’ Understanding of Elderly Patients’ and Family Caregivers’ Rights to End-of-Life Care Decisions and of Their Own Roles in the Process
    Sooyoun Han
    The Korean Journal of Hospice and Palliative Care.2015; 18(1): 42.     CrossRef
  • The Current Status of Medical Decision-Making for Dying Patients in a Medical Intensive Care Unit: A Single-Center Study
    Kyunghwa Shin, Jeong Ha Mok, Sang Hee Lee, Eun Jung Kim, Na Ri Seok, Sun Suk Ryu, Myoung Nam Ha, Kwangha Lee
    Korean Journal of Critical Care Medicine.2014; 29(3): 160.     CrossRef
  • The End-of-Life Care in the Intensive Care Unit
    Jae Young Moon, Yong Sup Shin
    Korean Journal of Critical Care Medicine.2013; 28(3): 163.     CrossRef

ACC : Acute and Critical Care
TOP