Acute and Critical Care

Case Reports

Gastroenterology
Nasogastric Tube Syndrome: Why Is It Important in the Intensive Care Unit?: Taehyun Kim, Seong Min Kim, Sung Birm Sohn, Yeon Ho Lee, Sang Youn Lim, Jae Kyeom Sim; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2015;30(3):231-233. Published online August 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2015.30.3.231

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Although the nasogastric tube (NGT) is widely used in critically ill patients, most intensivists do not give much thought to it or its possible complications. NGT syndrome is a rare but fatal complication characterized by throat pain and vocal cord paralysis in the presence of NGT. Recently, we experienced a case of NGT syndrome developed in an 86-year-old female twelve days after NGT insertion. We immediately removed the NGT and secured the airway by tracheostomy. She was treated successfully with an intravenous antibiotic, steroid and proton pump inhibitor and the syndrome did not recur after reinsertion of the NGT.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Nasogastric tube syndrome: A Meta-summary of case reports
Deven Juneja, Prashant Nasa, Gunjan Chanchalani, Ravi Jain
World Journal of Clinical Cases.2024; 12(1): 119. CrossRef

Gastroenterology/Pulmonary
Respiratory Complications Associated with Insertion of Small-Bore Feeding Tube in Critically Ill Patients: Jeong Am Ryu, Joongbum Cho, Sung Bum Park, Daesang Lee, Chi Ryang Chung, Jeong Hoon Yang, Kyeongman Jeon, Gee Young Suh, Chi Min Park; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2014;29(2):131-136. Published online May 31, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2014.29.2.131

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Abstract PDF

Small-bore flexible feeding tubes decrease the risk of ulceration of the nose, pharynx, and stomach compared with large-bore and more rigid tubes. However, small-bore feeding tubes have more respiratory system complications, such as pneumothorax, hydropneumothorax, bronchopleural fistula, and pneumonia, which are associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Thus, it is important to confirm the correct position of feeding tubes. Chest X-ray is the gold standard to detect tracheal malpositioning of the feeding tube. We present three cases in which intubated patients exhibited an altered mental state. An assistant guide wire was used at the insertion of small-bore feeding tubes. These conditions are thought to be potential risk factors for tracheobronchial malpositioning of feeding tubes.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Clinical usefulness of capnographic monitoring when inserting a feeding tube in critically ill patients: retrospective cohort study
Jeong-Am Ryu, Kyoungjin Choi, Jeong Hoon Yang, Dae-Sang Lee, Gee Young Suh, Kyeongman Jeon, Joongbum Cho, Chi Ryang Chung, Insuk Sohn, Kiyoun Kim, Chi-Min Park
BMC Anesthesiology.2016;[Epub] CrossRef
Nutritional Assessment of ICU Inpatients with Tube Feeding
Yu-Jin Kim, Jung-Sook Seo
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2015; 21(1): 11. CrossRef
Respiratory Complications of Small-Bore Feeding Tube Insertion in Critically Ill Patients
Kyoung-Jin Choi, Jeong-Am Ryu, Chi-Min Park
JOURNAL OF ACUTE CARE SURGERY.2015; 5(1): 28. CrossRef

Randomized Controlled Trial

Guidewire-Assisted Nasogastric Tube Insertion in Intubated Patients in an Emergency Center: Jin Go, Hyunjong Kim, Seunghwan Kim, Je Sung You, Min Joung Kim, Hyun Soo Chung, Sung Phil Chung, Hahn Shick Lee; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2013;28(4):287-292.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2013.28.4.287

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
The purpose of this study is to identify the usefulness of guidewire-assisted nasogastric tube insertion in intubated patients with cervical spine immobilization or unstable vital signs in an emergency center.
METHODS
Thirty-four intubated patients in an emergency center were enrolled in the study. Patients were randomly allocated to the control group or the guidewire group. All patient necks were kept in neutral position during the procedure. In the control group, the nasogastric tube was inserted with the conventional method. A guidewire-supporting nasogastric tube was used in the guidewire group. The success rates of the first attempts and overall were recorded along with complications.
RESULTS
The first attempt success rate was 88.2% in the guidewire group compared with 35.2% in the control group (p < 0.001). The overall success rate was 94.2% in the guidewire group and 52.9% in the control group (p = 0.017). Five cases of self-limiting nasal bleeding were reported in the guidewire group, and two cases occurred in the control group. No statistical differences were identified between groups.
CONCLUSIONS
Guidewire-assisted nasogastric tube insertion is a simple and useful method in intubated patients with cervical spine immobilization or unstable vital signs.

Case Report

A Case of Pumpless Interventional Lung Assist Application in a Tuberculosis Destroyed Lung Patient with Severe Hypercapnic Respiratory Failure: So Hee Park, Sang Ook Ha, Jae Seok Park, Sang Bum Hong, Tae Sun Shim, Chae Man Lim, Younsuck Koh; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2013;28(3):192-196.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2013.28.3.192

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Abstract PDF: Pumpless extracorporeal interventional lung assist (iLA) is a rescue therapy allowing effective carbon dioxide removals and lung protective ventilator settings. Herein, we report the use of a pumpless extracorporeal iLA in a tuberculosis destroyed lung (TDL) patient with severe hypercapnic respiratory failures. A 35-year-old male patient with TDL was intubated due to CO2 retention and altered mentality. After 11 days, Ventilator Associated Pneumonia (VAP) had developed. Despite the maximal mechanical ventilator support, his severe respiratory acidosis was not corrected. We applied the iLA for the management of refractory hypercapnia with respiratory acidosis. This case suggests that the iLA is an effective rescue therapy for TDL patients with ventilator refractory hypercapnia.

Original Article

Development of Acute Respiratory Failure on Initiation of Anti-Tuberculosis Medication in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Clinical and Radiologic Features of 8 Patients and Literature Review: Su Jin Lim, Donghoon Lew, Haa Na Song, You Eun Kim, Seung Jun Lee, Yu Ji Cho, Yi Yeong Jeong, Mi Jung Park, Kyoung Nyeo Jeon, Ho Cheol Kim, Jong Deog Lee, Young Sil Hwang; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2013;28(2):108-114.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2013.28.2.108

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Acute respiratory failure can occur paradoxically on initiation of anti-tuberculosis (TB) treatment in patients with pulmonary TB. This study is aimed to analyze the clinical features of anti-TB treatment induced acute respiratory failure.
METHODS
We reviewed the clinical and radiological characteristics of 8 patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (5 men and 3 women; mean age, 55 +/- 15.5 years) who developed acute respiratory failure following initiation of anti-TB medication and thus required mechanical ventilation (MV) in the intensive care unit (ICU).
RESULTS
The interval between initiation of anti-TB medication and development of MV-requiring acute respiratory failure was 2-14 days (mean, 4.4 +/- 4.39 days), and the duration of MV was 1-18 days (mean, 7.1 +/- 7.03 days). At admission, body temperature and serum levels of lactate dehydrogenase and C-reactive protein were increased. Serum levels of protein, albumin and creatinine were 5.8 +/- 0.98, 2.3 +/- 0.5 and 1.8 +/- 2.58 mg/ml, respectively. Radiographs characterized both lung involvements in all patients. Consolidation with the associated nodule was noted in 7 patients, ground glass opacity in 2, and cavitary lesion in 4. Micronodular lesion in the lungs, suggesting miliary tuberculosis lesion, was noted in 1 patient. At ICU admissions, the ranges of the APACHE II and SOFA scores were 17-38 (mean, 28.2 +/- 7.26) and 6-14 (mean, 10.1 +/- 2.74). The mean lung injury score was 2.8 +/- 0.5. Overall, 6 patients died owing to septic shock and multiorgan failure.
CONCLUSIONS
On initiation of treatment for pulmonary TB, acute respiratory failure can paradoxically occur in patients with extensive lung parenchymal involvement and high mortality.

Case Report

Esophageal-Retroesophageal Right Subclavian Artery Fistula: A Case Report: Jin Ho Choi, Chun Sung Byun, Seong Min Kim, Jung Joo Hwang; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2012;27(3):179-181.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2012.27.3.179

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Abstract PDF: Fistula between retroesophageal subclavian artery and esophagus is rare but a fatal complication. The purpose of this case study is to describe a case of 47-year old male presented with intracranial hemorrhage being required a long stay in the intensive care unit and to demonstrate the importance of surveillance patients requiring prolonged nasogastric tube. Recognition of this aberrant artery is critical for the prevention of these catastrophic events.

Original Article

Physician Compliance with Tube Feeding Protocol Improves Nutritional and Clinical Outcomes in Acute Lung Injury Patients: Sungwon Na, Hosun Lee, Shin Ok Koh, Ai Soon Park, A Reum Han; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2010;25(3):136-143.; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2010.25.3.136

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
Nutrition delivery is frequently interrupted or delayed by physicians' ordering patterns. We conducted this study to investigate the effect of physician compliance with tube feeding (TF) protocol on the nutritional and clinical outcomes in acute lung injury (ALI) patients.
METHODS
After implementing a TF protocol, 71 ALI patients with mechanical ventilation (MV) for > or = 7 days were observed. A dietician assessed the nutritional status of the patients and established individualized nutrition plans according to the protocol. If the physicians followed the dietician's recommendation within 48 hours, the patients were classified under the compliant group (Group 1).
RESULTS
Forty patients (56.3%) were classified into Group 1. Prealbumin was comparable in both groups at ICU admission but higher in Group 1 at the time of discharge from the ICU (228 +/- 81 vs 157 +/- 77 mg/dl, p = 0.025). Nitrogen balance was only improved in Group 1. The time to reach calorie goal was shorter and non-feeding days were reduced in Group 1. The proportion of parenteral nutrition to nutritional support days was lower and delivered calories on the 4th and 7th day of TF were higher in Group 1 (p < 0.001). ICU mortality/stay and hospital mortality failed to show differences but hospital stay was prolonged in the noncompliant group (Group 2) (p = 0.023). Arterial oxygen tension and PaO2/FiO2 were maintained during the 1st week of ICU stay in Group 1 but were decreased in Group 2.
CONCLUSIONS
Physicians' compliance with the TF protocol contributed to the likelihood of nutritional improvement and a shorter hospital stay in ALI patients with prolonged MV.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Nutritional Assessment of ICU Inpatients with Tube Feeding
Yu-Jin Kim, Jung-Sook Seo
Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association.2015; 21(1): 11. CrossRef
Identifying Barriers to Implementing Nutrition Recommendations
Nancy Stamp, Anne M. Davis
Topics in Clinical Nutrition.2013; 28(3): 249. CrossRef

Case Reports

Nasogastric Tube Insertion using Savary-Gilliard Wire Guide(R) in a Comatose Patient : A Case Report: Hae Jin Lee, Jin Young Chon, Jin Hwan Choi, He Jin Choi, Se Ho Moon; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2006;21(2):135-139.

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Abstract PDF: The insertion of nasogastric tubes in comatose, obtunded or anesthetized patients is often difficult, frustrating and time-consuming. A large variety of methods inserting nasogastric tubes in those uncooperative patients have been reported. As a new effective method, we used Savary-Gilliard Wire Guide(R), which is designed for introducing Savary-Gilliard Dilator(R) into a strictured esophagus, for inserting a nasogastric tube in a comatose patient who was intubated with a ballooned tracheostomy tube. The insertion was successful in the first attempt and no complication occurred.

Delayed Obstruction of Endotracheal Tube by Previously Aspirated Foreign Body: A Case Report: Sungsik Chon, Jinho Kim, Shin Ok Koh, Jung Goo Cho, In Soon Hwang, In Seon Jin; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2005;20(2):174-177.

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Abstract PDF: Acute airway obstruction during endotracheal intubation status is embarrassing and critical situation which requires early diagnosis and immediate management. Endotracheal tube obstruction with foreign body is rare but a variety of objects have been reported. We present a case of endotracheal tube obstruction as a result of previous aspirated foreign body that moved from the bronchial tree into the endobroncheal tube.

Original Article

Comparison of Ventilations with LMA and Endotracheal Tube during Closed Circuit Anesthesia: Il Woo Shin, Kyeong Eon Park, Hee Dong Chung, Ju Tae Sohn, Heon Keun Lee, Young Kyun Chung; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2004;19(2):126-129.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
LMA has larger dead-space than tracheal tube, ventilation may be influenced by difference of dead space. Closed circuit mechanical ventilation has high risk of hypercarbia because of inadequate CO2 elimination or gas supply. Thus, end-tidal carbon dioxide tension (EtCO2) and arterial carbon dioxide tension (PaCO2) were compared during closed circuit mechanical ventilation with LMA or tracheal tube. METHODS: Thirty adult patients scheduled for general anesthesia were divided into 2 groups. After induction of general anesthesia, laryngeal mask airway (Group 1, n=15) or tracheal tube (Group 2, n=15) were randomly inserted and closed circuit mechanical ventilation was initiated. When steady state had been reached, PaCO2 and EtCO2 were recorded. RESULTS: The PaCO2 was 32.2+/-2.8 (Group 1), 31.5+/-2.2 (Group 2) and the EtCO2 was 33.0+/-2.9, 31.6+/-2.4 respectively and there was no statistical significance between groups. The difference of arterial and end-tidal carbon dioxide tension in each group was -0.8+/-2.6, -0.03+/-2.2 respectively and there was no statistical significance between groups. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that in patients who are mechanically ventilated via the closed circuit system, EtCO2, PaCO2, and the difference between arterial and end-tidal carbon dioxide tension were not significantly different between groups.

Case Reports

Subcutaneous Emphysema and Pneumothorax Occurred during Patient Transfer to Intensive Care Unit: A Case Report: Yoonki Lee, Won Young Kim; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2004;19(1):52-56.

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Abstract PDF: A 48 years old female patient was scheduled for emergency surgery due to bleeding after intracerebral aneurysmal clipping under general anesthesia. Previously checked chest X-ray taken just a few hours before surgery showed no abnormal finding and she didn't show any sign of pneumothorax or hemothorax including dyspnea, tachypnea or cyanosis. Surgery was uneventful. After the completion of surgery, patient was transferred to the neurosurgical intensive care unit with intubation. During transfer, patient showed bucking and signs of subcutaneous emphysema around chest, shoulder and face. Oxygen saturation was low when she admitted to the neurosurgical intensive care unit, so the ventilator care was started. The patient's oxygenation were getting worse progressively, so we checked chest AP several times and one of the chest X-ray taken at that time revealed no vascular and lung marking on the left lung field suggesting pneumothorax. Emergency chest tube drainage was performed. She recovered dramatically and three days later, ches X-ray showed the complete resorption of the pneumothorax.

Airway Partial Obstruction by Internal Hermiation of Armored Endotracheal Tube: A case report: Mijeung Gwak, Hyun Sook Hwang, Eun Ha Suk, Pyung Hwan Park; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2002;17(1):29-33.

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Abstract PDF: During general anesthesia, intubation with kink-resistant armored tubes permit the anesthesiologist to work some distance from the surgical field during operation on the head and neck or with patients whose unusual position may kink and obstruct a tube not so reinforced. But armored tubes are still subject to number of hazards, including herniation of the intra-luminal cuff or layer into the lumen of the tube. So extra care is required in their use. We report a case of intraluminal herniation of armored tube accompanied with peak inspiratory pressure during general anesthesia.

Original Articles

Decreased Phenytoin Absorption in Patients with Continuous Enteral Feedings: Eun Kyong Roe, Hye Kyung Kim, Sung Hui Lim, Bo Sook Ahn, Chang Gyoo Byun, Jung Goo Cho, Cheung Soo Shin; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2000;15(2):102-107.

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Abstract PDF: This report supports interactions between phenytoin and both enteral feeding products and nasogastric feeding tube. Five patients in ICU were treated with intravenous phenytoin, which yield detectable therapeutic serum concentrations. After switching to a comparable phenytoin capsule administered by nasogastric feeding tube, their serum phenytoin concentration fell to below assay sensitivity concentrations. Two of them experienced seizures. They were administered by intravenous phenytoin again or another antiepileptic drug, so the seizures were controlled. Some fact of decreased phenytoin absorption in enteral feeding patients is that phenytoin interact enteral feeding product and adhere the nasogastric feeding tube itself. We conclude that it is necessary to use phenytoin with caution in enteral feeding patients.

Clinical Evaluation of One Lung Ventilation during General Anesthesia: Seung Woon Lim; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2000;15(2):98-101.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Separation of two lungs during anesthesia is necessary for the purpose of isolation of one lung from the other to prevent spillage or contamination and facilitating surgical exposure by collapsing the lung in the operative hemithorax. Several techniques are available for providing one-lung anesthesia. This study was performed to evaluate which technique is favored and why it is favored for one-lung ventilation.
METHODS
We studied 70 patients scheduled for thoracic surgery aided by collapse of the ipsilateral lung. We analyzed frequency of each technique, efficacy of lung collapse, adequacy of one-lung ventilation, blood gases and complications.
RESULTS
In the 63 patients out of 70 patients, the double-lumen tubes were used. Left-sided were used in 57 patients and right-sided were used in 6 patients. There were 3 complications: tracheal rupture, right bronchial rupture and post-operative edema of vocal cords. Bronchial blockers were inserted in 7 patients. It was failed in two cases. Ventilation and oxygenation were respectively good in all patients.
CONCLUSIONS
We favored the double-lumen endotrachial tube than Univent blocker. Malposition was frequently seen with the Univent and serious complication was occasionally seen with the double-lumen tube. However surgical exposure and oxygenation was provided with any method, when position was corrected adequately.

Clinical Survey of Appropriate Cuff Volume and Pressure during General Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients: Dong Suk Chung; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2000;15(2):93-97.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Uncuffed endotracheal tubes are commonly used in pediatrics even when the risk of gastric aspiration is significant. But cuffed endotracheal tubes effectively protect the risk of pulmonary aspiration and completely seal the airway. This study was designed to determine the appropriate cuff volume and pressure with low risk of ischemic injury to children's airway.
METHODS
We intubated cuffed endotracheal tube (internal diameter 4.5, 5.0, 5.5 mm) in 90 surgical pediatric patient from 16 to 118 months of age. After intubation, initial cuff volume and pressure were measured at the level of complete sealing in each group. Each group was administrated 50% nitrous oxide and 67% nitrous oxide and measured cuff pressure at 20 minutes, 40 minutes.
RESULTS
1) The mean initial cuff volume and pressure of 4.5 ID tube were 0.59 +/- 0.16 ml and 14.5 +/- 0.31 cmH2O (n=30). 2) The mean initial cuff volume and pressure of 5.0 ID tube were 1.00 +/- 0.38 ml and 14.3 +/- 3.55 cmH2O (n=30). 3) The mean initial cuff volume and pressure of 5.5 ID tube were 1.06 +/- 0.26 ml and 14.28 +/- 2.01 cmH2O (n=30). 4) The cuff pressure increased significantly in the course of time, but no pressure in three groups was above 30 cmH2O.
CONCLUSIONS
We could determine the appropriate cuff volume of cuffed endotracheal tube in pediatric patients. Also we concluded that nitrous oxide concentration affect little intracuff pressure in brief operation.

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