Association of Immediate Postoperative Temperature in the Surgical Intensive Care Unit with 1-Year Mortality: Retrospective Analysis Using Digital Axillary Thermometers

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Acute Crit Care. 2019;34(1):53-59

Publication date (electronic) : 2019 January 9

doi : https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2019.00255

Jiwook Kim^1,*, Tak Kyu Oh^2,*, Jaebong Lee³, Saeyeon Kim², In-Ae Song^,2

¹Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Korea

²Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea

³Medical Research Collaborating Center, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea

Corresponding author In-Ae Song Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beon-gil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea Tel: +82-31-787-7499 Fax: +82-31-787-4063 E-mail: songoficu@outlook.kr

^*

*The first two authors contributed equally to this study.

Received 2018 August 10; Revised 2018 November 8; Accepted 2018 November 27.

Abstract

INTRODUCTION

Body temperature is routinely measured during the Postoperative period [1], as Postoperative hypothermia is a common complication associated with poor outcomes [2-4]. A 1℃–3℃ decrease in tympanic temperature is associated with an increased complication rate, which can be reduced through active rewarming [5,6]. Postoperative hyperthermia may also be associated with adverse Postoperative outcomes [7] and infection [1]. Patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) after surgery have relatively severe conditions and it is critical to control their body temperature. Of the patients entering the ICU after surgery, 57.1% are exposed to core hypothermia [8] and, in this setting, hypothermia (mean temperature <36℃ for 24 hours) is associated with in-hospital mortality [9].

Furthermore, body temperature changes continuously within a broad range (30℃–40℃), which can influence outcomes based on the specific definitions of hypothermia and hyperthermia [8,10]. This study evaluated the association between mortality and Postoperative body temperature measured using a digital axillary thermometer immediately after ICU admission. To evaluate general trends, we did not specifically define hypothermia/hyperthermia, and instead evaluated associations based on the distribution of body temperatures.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The protocol for this retrospective observational study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Seoul National University Bundang Hospital (SNUBH; IRB No. B-1806/474-105). Medical records were obtained for adult patients (≥19 years old) who were admitted to an ICU after undergoing elective or emergency surgery at SNUBH between January 1, 2013 and May 31, 2016. Only the last ICU admission was counted for patients who underwent multiple surgeries and ICU admissions. The exclusion criteria were: (1) inaccurate medical records, (2) death within 1 hour of ICU admission, (3) body temperature not measured using an axillary thermometer, and (4) interval between operating room discharge and ICU admission >15 minutes (e.g., patients who underwent computed tomography before ICU admission). SNUBH is a 1,360-bed tertiary care hospital with 102 beds in four ICUs (a medical ICU, a surgical ICU, and two emergency ICUs); approximately 150 surgeries per day are performed in 36 operating rooms. All patient records have been managed since 2003 using an electronic medical record system.

RESULTS

Patients

A total of 8,198 cases were admitted to the ICUs after surgical procedures between January 1, 2013 and May 31, 2016. Among them, 1,028 cases were omitted because of two or more Postoperative ICU admissions for single patients; only the last Postoperative ICU admission was considered in the analysis. An additional 1,302 cases were also excluded because of patient age ≤18 years (477 patients), inaccurate data regarding operation time or ICU admission timing (91 patients), axillary temperature not measured within 10 minutes of ICU admission (617 patients), non-axillary temperature measurements (94 patients), death within 1 hour of ICU admission (six patients), and not being immediately admitted to the ICU (17 patients). Thus, 5,868 patients were included in the final analysis.

Table 1 summarizes the patients’ characteristics. Noncardiovascular surgery was performed for 5,311 patients (90.5%) and cardiovascular surgery was performed for 557 patients (9.5%). Table 2 summarizes the patients’ characteristics according to surgery type and mortality 1 year after ICU admission. No significant differences were observed in the axillary temperatures of patients who died within 1 year or survived to 1 year (survival, 36.62℃±0.52℃ vs. death, 36.61℃±0.88℃; P=0.683). The same results were observed for the noncardiovascular surgery (P =0.661), and cardiovascular surgery (P=0.061) groups.

Table 1.

Baseline and demographic characteristics of postoperative patients in the ICU

Table 2.

One-year mortality after postoperative admission to the intensive care unit

Multivariable Regression Model with RCS for 1-Year Mortality

The RCS between 1-year mortality and the initial Postoperative axillary temperature in the ICU is shown according to surgical type in Figure 1. The three temperature knots were 36.0℃ for 10%, 36.6℃ for the median, and 37.2℃ for 90%. The 1-year mortality rate tended to increase in both noncardiovascular and cardiovascular surgery groups as the Postoperative body temperature decreased from 36.6℃. However, when the Postoperative body temperature increased to more than 36.6℃, the 1-year mortality tended to increase in the noncardiovascular surgery group, but not in the cardiovascular surgery group.

Figure 1.

Restricted cubic splines between initial postoperative axillary temperature in the intensive care unit (ICU) and postoperative 1-year mortality. The results are shown for (A) noncardiovascular surgery and (B) cardiovascular surgery. Body temperature was defined as the first temperature measured using a digital axillary thermometer within 10 minutes of entry into the ICU. a The median value of the distribution of first postoperative body temperature in the ICU.

Supplementary Table 1 shows the results of univariable logistic regression analysis with RCS for 1-year mortality, and Table 3 shows the results of the multivariable logistic regression analysis with RCS for 1-year mortality after adjusting for covariates. Overall, increases or decreases in temperature relative to the median (36.6℃) were associated with increased 1-year mortality (≤36.6℃: linear coefficient, –0.531, P<0.001; ≥36.6℃: spline coefficient, 0.756, P<0.001). A similar trend with larger coefficients was observed in the noncardiovascular surgery group (≤36.6℃: linear coefficient, –0.701, P<0.001; ≥36.6℃: spline coefficient, 0.974, P<0.001). However, no significant trend was observed in the cardiovascular surgery group (≤36.6℃: linear coefficient, –0.230, P=0.229; ≥36.6℃: spline coefficient, –0.157, P=0.710) (Supplementary Table 1).

Table 3.

Multivariable regression model with restricted cubic splines for 1-year mortality after postoperative admission to the intensive care unit

DISCUSSION

The present study revealed that 1-year mortality increased in a linear pattern when body temperatures decreased relative to median temperature at ICU admission and increased in a spline pattern when the temperatures increased relative to the median temperature. This trend was maintained in the noncardiovascular surgery group but was not observed in the cardiovascular surgery group. These findings are meaningful, as the multivariable logistic regression analysis with RCS used three knots without defining hypothermia and hyperthermia using specific cutoff values.

There are many possible explanations for increased mortality at relatively high and low body temperatures. First, the temperature measurements may reflect intraoperative hypothermia because they were measured immediately after surgery, and that state is relatively common and closely associated with adverse outcomes [12]. Second, hypothermia at ICU admission is predicted by several critical conditions, such as coagulopathy, excessive blood loss, acidosis, and shock [13]. However, the fact that some patients had hyperthermia immediately after surgery, despite receiving anaesthetic agents and undergoing surgical procedures that could induce hypothermia [14], suggests that they may have had infections [15].

Interestingly, this trend was limited to the overall group and the noncardiovascular surgery group and was not observed in the cardiovascular surgery group (with cardiopulmonary bypass). A possible explanation is that we did not exclude patients who underwent mild therapeutic hypothermia to reduce their metabolic demands and improve neurological outcomes after cardiovascular surgery [16]. In addition, patients who required sedation or depended on an extracorporeal membrane oxygenation device during the immediate Postoperative period were included in the cardiovascular surgery group. Thus, the effects of complex variables make it difficult to detect a direct association between body temperatures during the immediate Postoperative period and long-term outcomes in the cardiovascular surgery group. Therefore, given the relatively small sample size of the cardiovascular surgery group (n=557), additional research is needed to examine this further.

The strengths of this study are the standardized definition of hypothermia (≤36.6℃) and the use of digital axillary temperature. In contrast, previous studies have used various cutoff points to define hypothermia [10,17], which allow for precise evaluation of the association with mortality [9]. However, changes in the definition of hypothermia can eliminate noticeable changes in mortality (e.g., using 36℃ and comparing 35.9℃ vs. 36.1℃, or 35.5℃ vs. 36.5℃). Furthermore, given that the range of normothermia is quite large [18], it may be preferable to analyze body temperature as a continuous variable. It is also possible that a digital axillary thermometer is less accurate than a tympanic thermometer for measuring core temperature [19], although a previous study indicated that the accuracies of both thermometers are similar [20]. However, digital axillary thermometers are superior in terms of ease-of-use, speed, durability, security, patient comfort, and cost [21]. Finally, tympanic thermometers can cause perforation of the tympanic membrane [22], and their use may be limited in patients who have undergone facial, ear, or brain surgery. Therefore, given patients’ instability during their Postoperative ICU stay, it may be more appropriate to use digital axillary thermometers.

The present study has several limitations. First, the singlecentre retrospective design is associated with known risks of bias. Second, the design did not consider any changes in clinical practice that had taken place during the study period. Third, only the first temperature measurement after ICU admission was used in the analysis, and we did not consider treatment or management processes (e.g., warming and therapeutic hypothermia). Fourth, the present study only evaluated a single method for measuring temperature.

In conclusion, the present study revealed increases in 1-year mortality when body temperature increased or decreased (vs. 36.6℃) among Postoperative patients who were evaluated using a digital axillary thermometer within 10 minutes of ICU admission. However, this trend was not observed among patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery. This study suggests that Postoperative temperature is associated with long-term mortality among patients admitted to the surgical ICU in the Postoperative period.

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