Factors associated with unplanned intensive care unit readmission among trauma patients in Republic of Korea

Yongwoong Lee; Byung Hee Kang

doi:10.4266/acc.2024.00584

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Original Article Trauma Factors associated with unplanned intensive care unit readmission among trauma patients in Republic of Korea: Yongwoong Lee^1,2, Byung Hee Kang²; Acute and Critical Care 2024;39(4):583-592.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2024.00584
Published online: November 22, 2024

¹Division of Trauma Surgery, Armed Forces Capital Hospital, Seongnam, Korea

²Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea

Corresponding author: Byung Hee Kang Division of Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Ajou University School of Medicine, 206 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16499, Korea Tel: +82-31-219-7764, Fax: +82-31-219-7781, E-mail: kbhname@gmail.com

• Received: April 5, 2024 • Revised: August 15, 2024 • Accepted: August 16, 2024

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
KEY MESSAGES
NOTES
REFERENCES

Abstract

Background
In trauma patients, unplanned intensive care unit (ICU) readmission (UIR) is associated with poor clinical outcomes. In this study, we aimed to analyze associated factors for UIR in trauma patients.
Methods
This retrospective study was conducted on trauma patients admitted to the ICU at a trauma center from January 2016 to December 2022. Clinical information at admission, the first ICU hospitalization, first discharge from the ICU, and reasons for readmission were collected. Patients who were successfully discharge from the ICU were compared to UIR patients. Logistic regression was performed to determine the factors with a significant impact on ICU readmission.
Results
Here, 5,529 patients were admitted to the ICU over 7 years, and 212 patients (3.8%) experienced UIR. Among patients who experienced UIR, 9 (4.2%) died. In the UIR patients, hospital stay (20 days [interquartile range, 13–35] vs. 45 days [28–67], P<0.001), total ICU stay (5 days [3–11] vs. 17 days [9–35], P<0.001), and complications during the first ICU hospitalization were significantly higher. The most common reason for UIR was respiratory problem (53.8%). In multivariable analysis, cervical spine operation during the first ICU hospitalization (odds ratio, 6.56; 95% CI, 3.62–11.91; P<0.001), renal replacement therapy (RRT; 3.52, 2.06–5.99, P<0.001), and massive blood transfusion protocol (MTP; 1.74, 1.08–2.81, P=0.023) were most highly related with UIR.
Conclusions
Because UIR patients had poor outcomes, trauma patients who underwent cervical spine operation, RRT, or MTP require monitoring in the general ward, especially for respiratory problems.
Keywords: intensive care units; patient readmission; trauma centers; risk factors

INTRODUCTION

Severe trauma patients are usually treated in the intensive care unit (ICU) for multiple reasons including shock and ventilator use. There are many things to consider when determining whether to discharge a patient from the ICU including the patient's medical condition and resources on the general ward. However, unplanned ICU readmissions (UIRs) occur, causing negative patient outcomes [1-4]. In previous studies, the mortality rate for UIR was approximately five times higher and hospital length of stay was two times higher compared with patients without UIR [2,5-8]. Therefore, prevention of UIR and knowledge of the risk factors causing UIR in trauma patients are important. UIR is considered a quality management indicator in trauma centers [3,9-11]. Nevertheless, various causes of UIR were identified in each study, and there was a lack of consensus on the most critical factor or factors.

To improve the preventable trauma death rate in Korea, regional trauma centers have been constructed for centralization of trauma patients. Our trauma center is a regional center and recently joined a trauma quality improvement program. Hence, the UIR data were collected prospectively and could be utilized for quality control. In this study, we aimed to find associated factors and outcomes of UIR in trauma patients. To our knowledge, this is the first study of UIR in a trauma center in Korea.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Ajou University Hospital (No. AJOUIRB-DB-2024-56), and all methods were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. According to our Institutional Review Board policy informed consent of the research was waived.

Study Protocol

We retrospectively analyzed trauma patients admitted to the ICU at our regional trauma center from January 2016 to December 2022. The UIR group included all patients who experienced UIR within the hospital stay. For excluding non-severe trauma patients who had a very low likelihood of UIR, patients with Injury Severity Score (ISS) less than 15 points and ICU stay less than 2 days were excluded. Patients who died or were transferred to another hospital at the time of first admission to the ICU were also excluded. An additional exclusion was made for one patient who was readmitted to the ICU not for medical reasons but because no caregiver was available on general ward. Patients were divided into the UIR group and the successfully discharged group (Figure 1). General characteristics and clinical outcome were compared. For finding factors associated with UIR, logistic regression was used. The reason for UIR was also reviewed, and only the most impactful cause was selected.

Data Collection

The collected data included patient age, sex, occurrence rate of UIR, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score upon arrival, whether the patient was in shock (systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg), ISS, Revised Trauma Score, Trauma Score and Injury Severity Score (probability of survival), Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) for each body region, procedures, and surgeries during the first ICU hospitalization. Underlying diseases, hospital stay, ICU stay, days on ventilator, mortality, and complications were also investigated. In addition, vital signs, length of stay, use of vasopressor agents, massive blood transfusion protocol (MTP), and renal replacement therapy (RRT) were recorded at the time of first discharge from the ICU.

In our center, the MTP follows the ABC protocol (penetrating mechanism, systolic blood pressure ≤90 mm Hg, heart rate ≥120/min, positive Focused Assessment With Sonography in Trauma) and is employed if the patient meets at least 2 of these). UIR was defined as “patients admitted to the ICU after initial transfer to the floor and/or patients with an unplanned return to the ICU after initial discharge, excluding planned postoperative ICU stay” by the Nation Trauma Data dictionary and confirmed by the responsible physician in our center. Other hospital events such as acute kidney injury (AKI) or adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) were followed using definitions from the same dictionary [12]. The reason for UIR was determined by panel review.

The classification criteria for cause analysis of UIR are as follows. (1) Respiratory: cases with hypoxemia and hypercapnia due to airway or lung problems (e.g., pneumonia, excessive secretion of airway, pneumothorax, effusion). (2) Septic: cases with septic shock (septic shock due to pneumonia is classified under respiratory cause). (3) Neurogenic: cases with seizure or brain lesion objectively confirmed by image studies. (4) Hypovolemic: cases with bleeding or dehydration. (5) Cardiogenic: cases with heart problems such as arrhythmia or heart failure, confirmed by electrocardiogram or echocardiography. (6) Continuous RRT (CRRT): cases where CRRT was required for severe electrolyte imbalance and fluid volume control. (7) Psychiatric: cases involving the use of medication that requires intensive monitoring or absence of a caregiver. (8) Arrest: cases found in cardiac arrest. (9) Anaphylaxis: cases with anaphylactic shock.

Statistical Analysis

All data were stored in a spreadsheet using Microsoft Excel and analyzed using R package MoonBook 0.3.1 (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/moonBook/index.html). Data are presented as mean (standard deviation) or median (interquartile range) after normality test. Continuous variables were analyzed using Student t-test, and categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests. Results were considered significant at P<0.05. Multivariate logistic regression was performed with potential associated factors that had significant differences in univariable analysis.

RESULTS

A total of 11,607 patients was admitted to the ICU of our trauma center between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2022 (Figure 1). Of these, 6,078 patients were excluded: 4,974 had an ISS less than 15, 558 had an ICU stay less than 2 days, 545 were not transferred to a general ward, and 1 had a non-medical cause. As a result, 5,529 patients were finally included, of which 212 (3.8%) were in the UIR group and 5,317 (96.2%) were in the successfully discharged group. Among the UIR group, nine patients (4.2%) died, and 203 (95.8%) were successfully discharged following the second ICU admission.

The UIR group was significantly older (61.5 years [50.5–73.5] vs. 53.0 years [36.0–63.0], P<0.001) and had relatively more male patients (175 [82.5%] vs. 4,087 [76.9%], P=0.065). There was no difference in GCS score at the time of arrival. However, the UIR group had more severe injury with a significantly larger proportion of cases of shock (systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg), MTP, and higher ISS than the successfully discharged group. Underlying diseases were significantly higher in the UIR group and included hypertension (79 [37.3%] vs. 1,239 [23.3%], P<0.001), diabetes mellitus (52 [23.2%] vs. 717 [13.5%], P<0.001), and cerebrovascular disease (18 [8.0%] vs. 198 [3.7%], P=0.002). In the UIR group, the AIS score of the overall head and neck was significantly higher (4.0 [3.0–5.0] vs. 3.0 [3.0–4.0], P=0.026) (Table 1).

The UIR group also had more frequent complications and longer overall hospital stay (Table 2) as well as total ICU length of stay (17 days [9–35] vs. 5 days [3–11], P<0.001). Complications during the first ICU hospitalization—including pneumonia, unplanned intubation, AKI, and ARDS—were significantly higher in the UIR group. Although the vital signs and laboratory findings at ICU discharge showed significant differences in some variables, all values were within the clinically normal range and no intervention was required (Table 3). The proportion of patients who used vasopressors (180 [80.4%] vs. 2,449 [46.2%], P<0.001) or RRT (20 [8.9%] vs. 104 [2.0%], P<0.001) during the first ICU stay was significantly higher in the UIR group. The frequency of operation for cervical spine during the first ICU hospitalization in the UIR group was also significantly higher (17 [15.7%] vs. 85 [3.7%], P<0.001). In the UIR group, there was no statistical difference in surgeries for other areas.

The most common reason for UIR was respiratory problem requiring treatment such as endotracheal intubation and high flow nasal cannula (114 cases, 53.8%). The second most common reason was septic shock (32 cases, 15.1%), followed by a neurologic problem (27 cases, 12.7%) and hypovolemic shock due to hemorrhage (19 cases, 9.0%) (Figure 2). Multivariate logistic regression showed cervical spine operation during the first ICU hospitalization (odds ratio [OR], 6.564; 95% CI, 3.618–11.908; P<0.001), RRT (OR, 3.515; 95% CI, 2.063–5.990; P<0.001), MTP (OR, 1.739; 95% CI, 1.078–2.805; P=0.023), cerebrovascular disease (OR, 1.738; 95% CI, 1.024–2.947; P=0.04), use of vasopressors (OR, 1.644; 95% CI, 1.216–2.222; P=0.001), male (OR, 1.584; 95% CI, 1.094–2.294; P=0.015), and old age (OR, 1.028; 95% CI, 1.019–1.037; P<0.001) were significantly correlated with UIR (Table 4).

Of the 70 patients who underwent cervical spine surgery during their initial ICU stay, 16 were readmitted to the ICU, all due to respiratory complications. Among these, 15 cases were directly related to respiratory issues, while 1 patient was found in cardiac arrest, presumably secondary to respiratory failure (Table 5). Pneumonia was the most common diagnosis, with other conditions such as atelectasis, pleural effusion, and vocal cord paralysis also identified. Type 2 respiratory failure, characterized by carbon dioxide hypercapnia, was confirmed in six cases. Of the 16 readmitted patients, three had already undergone a tracheostomy.

DISCUSSION

In this study, patients in the UIR group had significantly worse clinical outcomes, including hospital stay, ICU length of stay, and complications. Among many associated factors, cervical spine surgery during the first ICU hospitalization, RRT, and MTP were significantly associated with UIR in trauma patients. Respiratory problems were the leading cause of UIR.

In our study, unplanned readmission rates and mortality rates are relatively lower compared with previous studies, which reported readmission rates of 4%–10% and mortality of 20%–40% [3,6]. Some studies interpreted lower UIR as a good indicator of ICU liberation, but it could also be the result of delayed transfer to a general ward [6,13]. However, the ICU length of stay at our center is equivalent to those of other trauma centers [14]. Differences in UIR rate may also be due to the method of calculating readmission rates, which differed by center [5,2,15,16]; some studies defined UIR within 7 days of ICU discharge [2], while others considered it within 48 hours of ICU discharge [3,5]. However, in our center, admission to the ICU after regular surgery is recorded as a planned admission, which may falsely decrease the UIR. Severe trauma patients may require multiple major surgeries that require preparation in the ICU, and many of these patients might be readmitted after planned surgery. In addition, in our analysis, patients in the UIR group had a longer initial ICU stay than those in the successfully discharged group. This may be interpreted as a longer initial ICU stay affecting UIR, but it may also be due to the higher disease severity of the UIR group.

Various studies have been implemented to reduce UIR. Forster et al. [17] suggested that delayed transfer to the general ward reduced the likelihood of mortality and ICU readmission. In addition, Berardino et al. [18] reported that insufficient verification of patient condition increased the likelihood of complications when transferred from the ICU. However, long ICU stays can cause psychiatric problems including delirium, as well as cost issues and delayed rehabilitation [19]. Therefore, it is important to determine which patients should be delayed from discharge from the ICU and which patients should be discharged quickly. While more research is needed on the timing of transfer to a general ward, our results can aid decision-making by identifying factors associated with UIR.

The associated factors, complications, and prolonged length of stay identified in our study are largely consistent with those identified in previous studies [1-4]. We confirmed that cervical spine surgery during the first ICU hospitalization was the strongest associated factor for readmission to the ICU, with respiratory problems being the most common reason. In cervical surgery, the longer is the surgery time, the greater is the level of damage, or the more common are concomitant diseases, the greater is the level of care needed [20,21]. It is well known that severe cervical spine injury is a significant risk factor for respiratory failure [20,22-24]. Such surgery is typically performed as soon as possible for an unstable or high-level injury accompanied by neurological deterioration [25]. Patients who undergo emergency cervical spine surgery often experience cervical cord swelling and diaphragm fatigue, leading to weakened respiratory muscles, difficulty in clearing sputum, and restricted movements. Therefore, caution is required when transferring such patients to general wards. More intensive monitoring and treatments, including bronchial washes, early tracheostomy, and respiratory rehabilitation in the ICU, may be necessary to prevent respiratory complications [26]. Additionally, considering that there have been cases of readmission to the ICU even after tracheostomy, careful management of excessive airway exudate following the procedure is also crucial.

In this study, as in many others [27-29], RRT the second strongest factor associated with UIR. Patients who received RRT for AKI in the ICU are more likely to experience multi-organ dysfunction and require continued dialysis. RRT would have more complications due to anticoagulants during dialysis and large vascular access [30-32]. Our study could have been improved by analyzing the cause of RRT use. However, detailed reasons for RRT utilization were not available in all medical records. MTP is usually performed on patients with massive bleeding and could reflect injury severity, and patients with severe injury have a higher probability of UIR. Not surprisingly, in this study, variables related with severe injury were associated with UIR in univariable analysis.

Previous studies have pointed out that GCS, unstable vital signs at the time of ICU discharge, and laboratory findings are correlated with UIR [6,33,34]. In our study, some vital signs and laboratory findings showed significant differences, but no clinical difference was noted. While hemoglobin levels were different in the two groups, they were greater than 9.0 g/dl in both, indicating that transfusion was usually not required. GCS at the time of ICU discharge would have been a more informative variable than GCS at admission, but it could not be analyzed due to lack of data. Medical charts containing GCS at ICU discharge would be required for further study.

Nine patients died after UIR, and three cases were classified as potentially preventable trauma deaths by our multi-disciplinary panel review. These three patients died from multi-organ failure or sepsis due to lack of early monitoring or intervention. Additionally, respiratory problems, which were the leading cause of UIR, require careful monitoring. This is particularly crucial for patients needing high-flow oxygen therapy, even if they do not require intubation. While continuous monitoring in the ICU is not necessary for all patients, on the borderline of recovery patients in the general ward may require more intensive monitoring. In this situation, the sub-ICU which provides more intensive care than general ward, could be a good alternative.

This study has several limitations. First, because it is a single-center, retrospective study, it may not represent all trauma patients and may involve selection and information biases. Second, complications or procedures during the general ward stay could have caused UIRs that were not counted. Third, patients typically had poly-trauma, making it difficult to identify a single cause for ICU readmission. Despite this complexity, we made efforts to identify the major causes of UIR. Finally, patients with planned ICU readmission were excluded from this study. Since some of these patients are severely injured and may need more than one surgery, the complication or mortality rate may appear to be relatively low.

In conclusion, UIR was confirmed to have poor clinical outcomes and should be prevented. Many associated factors for UIR have been identified; among them, cervical spine surgery during the first ICU hospitalization, RRT, and MTP seem to have the greatest impact. As respiratory problems account for the most frequent UIR, care is needed when transferring patients to general wards including monitoring of respiratory problems. Furthermore, for patients who undergo cervical spine operation, respiratory rehabilitation might be required to prevent UIR.

KEY MESSAGES

▪ Unplanned intensive care unit (ICU) readmission (UIR) among trauma patients causes poor clinical outcomes in patients, and the most common reason for UIR was respiratory-related problems.

▪ Cervical spine surgery during the first ICU hospitalization, renal replacement therapy (RRT), massive blood transfusion protocol (MTP), cerebrovascular disease, use of vasopressor, male, and old age, in that order, were the strongest factors influencing UIR.

▪ To prevent UIR, patients with cervical spine surgery during the first ICU hospitalization, RRT, or MTP should be carefully evaluated for transfer to a general ward and closely monitored for respiratory problems.

NOTES

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

FUNDING

None.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We would like to express our great appreciation to Sora Kim, Head of Trauma Quality Improvement Department, Ajou Trauma Center, for her invaluable support regarding data collection.

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS

Conceptualization: BHK. Methodology: BHK. Formal analysis: YL. Data curation: YL. Writing–original draft: all authors. Writing–review & editing: all authors. All authors read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Figure 1.

Patient inclusion/exclusion flowchart. ICU: intensive care unit; ISS: injury Severity Score.

Figure 2.

Reasons for unplanned intensive care unit readmission. CRRT: continuous renal replacement therapy.

Table 1.

Baseline characteristics according to UIR

Variable	Non-UIR (n=5,317)	UIR (n=212)	Total (n=5,529)	P-value
Age (yr)	53.0 (36.0–63.0)	61.5 (50.5–73.5)	53.0 (37.0–64.0)	<0.001
Sex (male:female, %)	76.9:23.1	82.5:17.5	77.1: 22.9	0.065
On arrival
GCS	14 (11.0–15.0)	14 (11.0–15.0)	14 (11.0–15.0)	0.744
SBP <90 mm Hg	1,204 (22.7)	77 (34.4)	1,281 (23.2)	<0.001
MTP	279 (5.3)	25 (11.2)	304 (5.5)	<0.001
Mechanism of injury				0.898
Blunt	5,155 (97.0)	207 (97.6)	5,362 (97.0)
Penetrating	140 (2.6)	5 (2.2)	145 (2.6)
Others	22 (0.5)	0 (0.0)	22 (0.4)
Underlying disease
Hypertension	1,239 (23.3)	79 (37.3)	1,318 (23.8)	<0.001
Diabetes mellitus	717 (13.5)	52 (23.2)	769 (13.9)	<0.001
CVD	198 (3.7)	18 (8.0)	216 (3.9)	0.002
Angina	56 (1.1)	6 (2.7)	62 (1.1)	0.053
Trauma score
ISS	24.9±8.7	27.0±9.4	25.0±8.7	<0.001
RTS	7.34±0.95	7.18±1.17	7.3±0.96	0.247
TRISS	0.89±0.16	0.86±0.16	0.89±0.16	<0.001
AIS
Head–neck	3.0 (3.0–4.0)	4.0 (3.0–5.0)	3.0 (3.0–4.0)	0.026
Face	2.0 (0.0–2.0)	1.0 (0.0–2.0)	2.0 (0.0–2.0)	0.388
Chest	3.0 (3.0–3.0)	3.0 (3.0–3.0)	3.0 (3.0–3.0)	0.095
Abdomen–pelvis	2.0 (2.0–3.0)	2.0 (2.0–3.0)	2.0 (2.0–3.0)	0.850
Extremity	2.0 (2.0–3.0)	2.0 (2.0–3.0)	2.0 (2.0–3.0)	0.786

Values are presented as median (interquartile range), number (%), or mean±standard deviation.

UIR: unplanned intensive care unit readmission; GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; SBP: systolic blood pressure; MTP: massive blood transfusion protocol; CVD: cerebrovascular disease; ISS: Injury Severity Score; RTS: revised trauma score; TRISS: trauma score and Injury Severity Score; AIS: Abbreviated Injury Scale.

Table 2.

Clinical results according to UIR

Variable	Non-UIR (n=5,317)	UIR (n=212)	Total (n=5,529)	P-value
Outcome (total hospitalization)
Hospital day (day)	20 (13–35)	45.0 (28–67)	21.0 (13–37)	<0.001
ICU LOS (day)	5 (3–11)	17.0 (9–35)	5.0 (3–12)	<0.001
Days of ventilator use (day)	0 (0–5)	6.5 (0–17)	0 (0–5)	<0.001
Mortality	0	9 (4.2)	9 (0.2)	<0.001
Complication (during the first ICU hospitalization)
Pneumonia	539 (10.1)	36 (17.0)	575 (10.4)	0.003
Unplanned intubation	144 (2.7)	18 (8.5)	162 (2.9)	<0.001
AKI	106 (2.0)	15 (7.1)	121 (2.2)	<0.001
ARDS	83 (1.6)	13 (6.1)	96 (1.7)	<0.001

Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%).

UIR: unplanned intensive care unit readmission; ICU: intensive care unit; LOS: length of stay; AKI: acute kidney injury; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Table 3.

Characteristics at the initial ICU discharge according to UIR

Variable	Non-UIR (n=5,317)	UIR (n=212)	Total (n=5,529)	P-value
Last vital signs in ICU
SBP (mm Hg)	133 (119.0 to 148.0)	137 (118.5 to 154.0)	133 (119.0 to 148.0)	0.040
Pulse rate (/min)	86 (74.0 to 98.0)	86 (75.0 to 99.5)	86.0 (74.0 to 98.0)	0.390
Saturation (%)	99 (98.0 to 100.0)	100 (98.0 to 100.0)	99.0 (98.0 to 100.0)	0.585
Hospital day (during the first ICU hospitalization)
ICU LOS	4.0 (2.0 to 9.0)	5.0 (2.0 to 13.0)	4.0 (2.0 to 9.0)	0.002
Last laboratory tests in ICU
Hemoglobin (g/dl)	10.0 (8.9 to 11.6)	9.1 (8.3 to 10.6)	10.0 (8.8 to 11.5)	<0.001
White blood cell (×10³/mm³)	8.6 (6.8 to 10.9)	9.1 (7.1 to 11.2)	8.6 (6.8 to 11.0)	0.035
Platelet (×10³/mm³)	179.0 (131.0 to 264.5)	180.5 (126.5 to 261.5)	179.0 (130.0 to 264.0)	0.846
Lactate (/mmol)	1.1 (0.9 to 1.6)	1.3 (1.0 to 1.6)	1.1 (0.9 to 1.6)	0.634
Base excess (/mmol)	0.9 (–0.9 to 2.7)	0.7 (–1.0 to 2.6)	0.9 (–0.9 to 2.7)	0.582
INR	1.12 (1.06 to 1.19)	1.13 (1.07 to 1.25)	1.12 (1.1 to 1.2)	0.003
Intervention in ICU
Vasopressor use	2,449 (46.2)	180 (80.4)	2,629 (47.5)	<0.001
RRT	104 (2.0)	20 (8.9)	124 (2.2)	<0.001
Operation (during the first ICU hospitalization)
Head	206 (3.9)	7 (3.3)	213 (3.9)	0.808
Cervical spine	54 (1.0)	16 (7.5)	70 (1.3)	<0.001
Thoracic spine	24 (0.5)	0	24 (0.4)	0.654
Lumbar spine	52 (1.0)	1 (0.5)	53 (1.0)	0.702
Abdomen	189 (3.6)	11 (5.2)	200 (3.6)	0.288
Chest	35 (0.7)	2 (0.9)	37 (0.7)	0.944
Face	68 (1.3)	4 (1.9)	72 (1.3)	0.648
Pelvis	92 (1.7)	4 (1.9)	96 (1.7)	>0.999

Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%).

ICU: intensive care unit; UIR: unplanned intensive care unit readmission; SBP: systolic blood pressure; LOS: length of stay; INR: international normalized ratio; RRT: renal replacement therapy.

Table 4.

Associated factors for UIR

Variable	Unadjusted OR	95% CI	P-value	Adjusted OR	95% CI	P-value
Age (yr)	1.026	1.016–1.036	<0.001	1.028	1.019–1.037	<0.001
Sex (male)	1.617	1.115–2.343	0.011	1.584	1.094–2.294	0.015
ISS	1.003	0.986–1.020	0.719	-	-	-
On arrival
SBP <90 mm Hg	1.286	0.902–1.833	0.165
MTP	1.543	0.905–2.632	0.111	1.739	1.078–2.805	0.023
Underlying disease
Hypertension	1.084	0.776–1.516	0.636
Diabetes mellitus	1.196	0.830–1.723	0.336
Cerebrovascular disease	1.662	0.975–2.833	0.062	1.738	1.024–2.947	0.040
AIS
Head–neck	1.039	0.954–1.131	1.131	-	-	-
Operation (during the first ICU hospitalization)
Cervical spine	6.315	3.410–11.696	<0.001	6.564	3.618–11.908	<0.001
Hospital day (during the first ICU hospitalization)
LOS in ICU	0.992	0.982–1.003	0.150	-	-	-
Intervention in ICU
Vasopressor use	1.612	1.160–2.241	0.004	1.644	1.216–2.222	0.001
RRT	3.927	2.210–6.978	<0.001	3.515	2.063–5.990	<0.001

UIR: unplanned intensive care unit readmission; OR: odds ratio; ISS: Injury Severity Score; SBP: systolic blood pressure; MTP: massive blood transfusion protocol; AIS: Abbreviated Injury Scale; ICU: intensive care unit; LOS: length of stay; RRT: renal replacement therapy.

Table 5.

Analysis of cases with cervical spine surgery and unplanned returned ICU

	Cause	Ventilator	Diagnosis	Failure type^a)	Tracheostomy
1	Respiratory	Y	Atelectasis	2	N
2	Respiratory	Y	Pneumonia	1	Y
3	Respiratory	Y	Atelectasis, pneumonia	2	N
4	Respiratory	Y	Pneumonia	1	N
5	Respiratory	Y	Pneumonia	1	N
6	Respiratory	N	Atelectasis, pneumonia, pleural effusion	1	N
7	Respiratory	N	Pneumonia	1	Y
8	Respiratory	Y	Pneumonia	1	N
9	Respiratory	N	Atelectasis, pneumonia	2	N
10	Respiratory	N	Pneumonia	1	N
11	Respiratory	Y	Pneumonia, pleural effusion	1	N
12	Arrest	Y	Pneumothorax, pleural effusion	-	N
13	Respiratory	Y	Pneumonia	2	Y
14	Respiratory	Y	Atelectasis, pneumonia, pleural effusion, vocal cord palsy	2	N
15	Respiratory	N	Pneumonia	1	N
16	Respiratory	Y	Pneumonia	1	N

ICU: intensive care unit.

^a)Type 1: hypoxemic; type 2: hypercapnic.

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Factors associated with unplanned intensive care unit readmission among trauma patients in Republic of Korea

Acute Crit Care. 2024;39(4):583-592. Published online November 22, 2024

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2024.00584

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Factors associated with unplanned intensive care unit readmission among trauma patients in Republic of Korea

Figure 1. Patient inclusion/exclusion flowchart. ICU: intensive care unit; ISS: injury Severity Score.

Figure 2. Reasons for unplanned intensive care unit readmission. CRRT: continuous renal replacement therapy.

Figure 1.

Figure 2.

Factors associated with unplanned intensive care unit readmission among trauma patients in Republic of Korea

Variable	Non-UIR (n=5,317)	UIR (n=212)	Total (n=5,529)	P-value
Age (yr)	53.0 (36.0–63.0)	61.5 (50.5–73.5)	53.0 (37.0–64.0)	<0.001
Sex (male:female, %)	76.9:23.1	82.5:17.5	77.1: 22.9	0.065
On arrival
GCS	14 (11.0–15.0)	14 (11.0–15.0)	14 (11.0–15.0)	0.744
SBP <90 mm Hg	1,204 (22.7)	77 (34.4)	1,281 (23.2)	<0.001
MTP	279 (5.3)	25 (11.2)	304 (5.5)	<0.001
Mechanism of injury				0.898
Blunt	5,155 (97.0)	207 (97.6)	5,362 (97.0)
Penetrating	140 (2.6)	5 (2.2)	145 (2.6)
Others	22 (0.5)	0 (0.0)	22 (0.4)
Underlying disease
Hypertension	1,239 (23.3)	79 (37.3)	1,318 (23.8)	<0.001
Diabetes mellitus	717 (13.5)	52 (23.2)	769 (13.9)	<0.001
CVD	198 (3.7)	18 (8.0)	216 (3.9)	0.002
Angina	56 (1.1)	6 (2.7)	62 (1.1)	0.053
Trauma score
ISS	24.9±8.7	27.0±9.4	25.0±8.7	<0.001
RTS	7.34±0.95	7.18±1.17	7.3±0.96	0.247
TRISS	0.89±0.16	0.86±0.16	0.89±0.16	<0.001
AIS
Head–neck	3.0 (3.0–4.0)	4.0 (3.0–5.0)	3.0 (3.0–4.0)	0.026
Face	2.0 (0.0–2.0)	1.0 (0.0–2.0)	2.0 (0.0–2.0)	0.388
Chest	3.0 (3.0–3.0)	3.0 (3.0–3.0)	3.0 (3.0–3.0)	0.095
Abdomen–pelvis	2.0 (2.0–3.0)	2.0 (2.0–3.0)	2.0 (2.0–3.0)	0.850
Extremity	2.0 (2.0–3.0)	2.0 (2.0–3.0)	2.0 (2.0–3.0)	0.786

Variable	Non-UIR (n=5,317)	UIR (n=212)	Total (n=5,529)	P-value
Outcome (total hospitalization)
Hospital day (day)	20 (13–35)	45.0 (28–67)	21.0 (13–37)	<0.001
ICU LOS (day)	5 (3–11)	17.0 (9–35)	5.0 (3–12)	<0.001
Days of ventilator use (day)	0 (0–5)	6.5 (0–17)	0 (0–5)	<0.001
Mortality	0	9 (4.2)	9 (0.2)	<0.001
Complication (during the first ICU hospitalization)
Pneumonia	539 (10.1)	36 (17.0)	575 (10.4)	0.003
Unplanned intubation	144 (2.7)	18 (8.5)	162 (2.9)	<0.001
AKI	106 (2.0)	15 (7.1)	121 (2.2)	<0.001
ARDS	83 (1.6)	13 (6.1)	96 (1.7)	<0.001

Variable	Non-UIR (n=5,317)	UIR (n=212)	Total (n=5,529)	P-value
Last vital signs in ICU
SBP (mm Hg)	133 (119.0 to 148.0)	137 (118.5 to 154.0)	133 (119.0 to 148.0)	0.040
Pulse rate (/min)	86 (74.0 to 98.0)	86 (75.0 to 99.5)	86.0 (74.0 to 98.0)	0.390
Saturation (%)	99 (98.0 to 100.0)	100 (98.0 to 100.0)	99.0 (98.0 to 100.0)	0.585
Hospital day (during the first ICU hospitalization)
ICU LOS	4.0 (2.0 to 9.0)	5.0 (2.0 to 13.0)	4.0 (2.0 to 9.0)	0.002
Last laboratory tests in ICU
Hemoglobin (g/dl)	10.0 (8.9 to 11.6)	9.1 (8.3 to 10.6)	10.0 (8.8 to 11.5)	<0.001
White blood cell (×10³/mm³)	8.6 (6.8 to 10.9)	9.1 (7.1 to 11.2)	8.6 (6.8 to 11.0)	0.035
Platelet (×10³/mm³)	179.0 (131.0 to 264.5)	180.5 (126.5 to 261.5)	179.0 (130.0 to 264.0)	0.846
Lactate (/mmol)	1.1 (0.9 to 1.6)	1.3 (1.0 to 1.6)	1.1 (0.9 to 1.6)	0.634
Base excess (/mmol)	0.9 (–0.9 to 2.7)	0.7 (–1.0 to 2.6)	0.9 (–0.9 to 2.7)	0.582
INR	1.12 (1.06 to 1.19)	1.13 (1.07 to 1.25)	1.12 (1.1 to 1.2)	0.003
Intervention in ICU
Vasopressor use	2,449 (46.2)	180 (80.4)	2,629 (47.5)	<0.001
RRT	104 (2.0)	20 (8.9)	124 (2.2)	<0.001
Operation (during the first ICU hospitalization)
Head	206 (3.9)	7 (3.3)	213 (3.9)	0.808
Cervical spine	54 (1.0)	16 (7.5)	70 (1.3)	<0.001
Thoracic spine	24 (0.5)	0	24 (0.4)	0.654
Lumbar spine	52 (1.0)	1 (0.5)	53 (1.0)	0.702
Abdomen	189 (3.6)	11 (5.2)	200 (3.6)	0.288
Chest	35 (0.7)	2 (0.9)	37 (0.7)	0.944
Face	68 (1.3)	4 (1.9)	72 (1.3)	0.648
Pelvis	92 (1.7)	4 (1.9)	96 (1.7)	>0.999

Variable	Unadjusted OR	95% CI	P-value	Adjusted OR	95% CI	P-value
Age (yr)	1.026	1.016–1.036	<0.001	1.028	1.019–1.037	<0.001
Sex (male)	1.617	1.115–2.343	0.011	1.584	1.094–2.294	0.015
ISS	1.003	0.986–1.020	0.719	-	-	-
On arrival
SBP <90 mm Hg	1.286	0.902–1.833	0.165
MTP	1.543	0.905–2.632	0.111	1.739	1.078–2.805	0.023
Underlying disease
Hypertension	1.084	0.776–1.516	0.636
Diabetes mellitus	1.196	0.830–1.723	0.336
Cerebrovascular disease	1.662	0.975–2.833	0.062	1.738	1.024–2.947	0.040
AIS
Head–neck	1.039	0.954–1.131	1.131	-	-	-
Operation (during the first ICU hospitalization)
Cervical spine	6.315	3.410–11.696	<0.001	6.564	3.618–11.908	<0.001
Hospital day (during the first ICU hospitalization)
LOS in ICU	0.992	0.982–1.003	0.150	-	-	-
Intervention in ICU
Vasopressor use	1.612	1.160–2.241	0.004	1.644	1.216–2.222	0.001
RRT	3.927	2.210–6.978	<0.001	3.515	2.063–5.990	<0.001

	Cause	Ventilator	Diagnosis	Failure type^a)	Tracheostomy
1	Respiratory	Y	Atelectasis	2	N
2	Respiratory	Y	Pneumonia	1	Y
3	Respiratory	Y	Atelectasis, pneumonia	2	N
4	Respiratory	Y	Pneumonia	1	N
5	Respiratory	Y	Pneumonia	1	N
6	Respiratory	N	Atelectasis, pneumonia, pleural effusion	1	N
7	Respiratory	N	Pneumonia	1	Y
8	Respiratory	Y	Pneumonia	1	N
9	Respiratory	N	Atelectasis, pneumonia	2	N
10	Respiratory	N	Pneumonia	1	N
11	Respiratory	Y	Pneumonia, pleural effusion	1	N
12	Arrest	Y	Pneumothorax, pleural effusion	-	N
13	Respiratory	Y	Pneumonia	2	Y
14	Respiratory	Y	Atelectasis, pneumonia, pleural effusion, vocal cord palsy	2	N
15	Respiratory	N	Pneumonia	1	N
16	Respiratory	Y	Pneumonia	1	N

Table 1. Baseline characteristics according to UIR

Values are presented as median (interquartile range), number (%), or mean±standard deviation.

Table 2. Clinical results according to UIR

Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%).

UIR: unplanned intensive care unit readmission; ICU: intensive care unit; LOS: length of stay; AKI: acute kidney injury; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Table 3. Characteristics at the initial ICU discharge according to UIR

Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%).

ICU: intensive care unit; UIR: unplanned intensive care unit readmission; SBP: systolic blood pressure; LOS: length of stay; INR: international normalized ratio; RRT: renal replacement therapy.

Table 4. Associated factors for UIR

Table 5. Analysis of cases with cervical spine surgery and unplanned returned ICU