Safety and Feasibility of Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy Performed by Intensive Care Trainee

Daesang Lee; Chi Ryang Chung; Sung Bum Park; Jeong-Am Ryu; Joongbum Cho; Jeong Hoon Yang; Chi-Min Park; Gee Young Suh; Kyeongman Jeon

doi:10.4266/kjccm.2014.29.2.64

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Original Article Safety and Feasibility of Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy Performed by Intensive Care Trainee: Daesang Lee, M.D., Chi Ryang Chung, M.D., Sung Bum Park, M.D., Jeong-Am Ryu, M.D., Joongbum Cho, M.D., Jeong Hoon Yang, M.D., Chi-Min Park, M.D., Gee Young Suh, M.D., Kyeongman Jeon, M.D.; The Korean Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2014;29(2):64-69.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2014.29.2.64
Published online: May 31, 2014

Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

Correspondence to: Kyeongman Jeon, Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, 81 Irwon-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-710, Korea, Tel: +82-2-3410-2423, Fax:+82-2-2148-7088, E-mail: kjeon@skku.edu

• Received: December 31, 2013 • Revised: January 25, 2014 • Accepted: February 10, 2014

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
REFERENCES

Abstract

Background
Percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) performed by an intensivist in critically ill patients is currently popular. Many studies support the safety and feasibility of PDT. However, there is limited data on the safety and feasibility of PDT performed by intensive care trainees.
Methods
To evaluate the safety and feasibility of PDT performed by intensive care trainees and to compare these with those performed by intensivists, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical characteristics and adverse events of all prospectively registered patients who underwent PDT by ICT or intensivists in intensive care units (ICUs) from August 2010 to August 2013.
Results
In the study period, 203 patients underwent PDT in ICUs; 139 (68%) by trainees and 64 (32%) by intensivists. There were no statistically significant differences in clinical characteristics including demographics, laboratory findings, and parameters of mechanical ventilation between the two groups. Procedure times and outcomes of the patients were not different between the two groups. The majority of complications observed in 24 hours after PDT were bleeding; however, there was no significant difference between the two groups (trainee 10.8% vs. intensivist 9.4%, p = 0.758). There was no procedure-related death in the two groups.
Conclusions
PDT performed by intensive care trainees was safe and feasible. However, further well-designed studies should be conducted to confirm our results.
Key Words: education; fellowship; intensive care units; surgical procedures, minimally invasive; tracheostomy

INTRODUCTION

Tracheostomy is one of the most commonly performed surgical procedures in critically ill patients requiring long term mechanical ventilation or treatment of airway obstruction.[1] Traditionally, this procedure has been performed using surgical principles in operating room. After Sheldon et al.[2] described the Seldinger method of percutaneous tracheostomy placement in 1955, Toye and Weinstein[3] reported a modified percutaneous tracheostomy technique based on Seldinger’s principle in 1969. However, the procedure was not used widely due to high risk of complications until Ciaglia et al.[4] introduced percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) in 1985. This is also a modified Seldinger technique but offers a variety of advantages, including a small incision and minimized damage in the subcutaneous tissues and easy performance.[4] Since then, the use of PDT has greatly increased because physicians found it a feasible and safe procedure for critically ill patients, replacing conventional surgical tracheostomy.[5]

Recently the subspecialty training program has been established in the field of critical care medicine (CCM) in Korea. However, most of the CCM trainees have non-surgical specialty. Even surgeons-in-training may not have enough experience performing surgical tracheostomy during the training period. PDT is known to be easy to master and safe to perform for trainees without much surgical experience.[6–9] However, the previous reports were focused on PDTs performed by experienced intensivists or PDTs done under the supervision of surgeons.[9–11] Moreover, in Korea, no studies have investigated whether PDT is safe and feasible for subspecialty trainees in CCM. This study aimed to evaluate safety and feasibility of PDT performed by trainees subspecializing in CCM by comparing clinical outcomes and surgical complications between trainee-led PDT and intensivist-led PDT.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This is a retrospective observational study conducted with patients who underwent PDT for respiratory support and airway protection at Samsung Seoul Medical Center between August 2011 and July 2013. To assess safety and feasibility of PDT performed by subspecialty trainees in CCM, postprocedural outcomes were compared between trainee-led and intensivist-led procedures.

1) PDT

The need for PDT was determined after discussion among an intensivist, a subspecialty trainee and an attending physician. In this study, PDTs were performed in the same manner as described in a study by Yoo et al.[9] without the supervision of surgical intensivist. PDT was performed using Ciaglia Blue Rhino^Ⓡ (Cook Medical Inc., Bloomington, IN, USA). As described by Ciaglia et al.[12], after patients were kept in supine position with hyperextension of the neck, the local anesthesia was administered with 2% lidocaine and a 1 to 1.5 cm transverse or vertical incision was made at the inferior edge of the cricoid cartilage. The pretracheal soft tissues were bluntly dissected with a mosquito clamp if needed. The underlying trachea was then identified using a needle and introducer sheath under bronchoscopic visualization. After a J-tipped Seldinger wire was inserted through the introducer sheath into the trachea, the introducer sheath was then removed and dilation of the trachea and soft tissue was performed initially with a short dilator followed by a curved, conical dilator. Finally, the tracheostomy tube was loaded on to an introducer dilator and gently inserted into the trachea over the guidewire through the dilated stoma and secured in place under bronchoscopic visualization. All procedures were performed by either intensivist or subspecialty trainees in CCM at bedside in the ICU. In this study, three intensivists (2 medical intensivists and 1 surgical intensivist) had performed PDT from the beginning of PDT introduction in our hospital.[9] The trainees were required to perform at least three PDTs successfully under the supervision of intensivist in addition to participating in three actual operations and attending a training program showing video simulation. CCM trainees include medical doctors (n = 8), neurological doctor (n = 1) and surgical doctor (n = 1).

2) Data collection

Over the study period, all consecutive patients who underwent PDT in ICU were prospectively registered. The following information was collected on each registered patient: demographic data, underlying conditions, laboratory data, reasons for tracheostomy, data on PDT including timing and duration of the procedure, vital signs monitored during the procedure, and complications developed during the procedure or within 24 hours after the procedure. The procedure time was defined as the time from the sterilization to the connection of the tracheostomy tube with the mechanical ventilator after successful PDT. Postprocedural bleeding was classified into two categories: minor bleeding defined as bleeding from the incision site that required dressing more than three times a day or epinephrine for local hemostasis and major bleeding defined as bleeding that required cauterization, surgical treatment or additional blood transfusion. Cuff perforation and accidental extubation were considered as procedure related complications when occurred within 24 hours after the procedure. Hypoxemia was referred to the episode where pulse oximetry arterial oxygen saturation (SpO₂) was less than 90%. Arrhythmia developed during the procedure included bradycardia, supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), arterial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation (Table 1).

3) Statistical analysis

The data are presented as medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) for continuous variables and as numbers and percentages for categorical variables. Data were compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous variables and the Chi-square or Fisher’s exact test for categorical variables. All tests were two-sided, and a p value of < 0.05 was considered significant. The data were analyzed using PASW Statistics 18 (SPSS Inc, Chicago, Illinois).

RESULTS

A total of 233 patients underwent PDT in the ICU during the study period, and data of 203 patients were analyzed after excluding of 30 patients (13%) due to insufficient data. Subspecialty trainees in CCM performed PDT in 139 patients (68%) (trainee group), and intensivists performed PDT in 64 patients (32%) (intensivist group). There were no differences between the two groups in age, sex, baseline clinical characteristics and blood test results. A PDT was undertaken for one of two reasons: a) to support prolonged mechanical ventilation and b) to secure the airway. There were no significant differences in the reason for PDT between the two groups (p = 0.189). The median duration of mechanical ventilation before tracheostomy was 9 days (5–13) (p = 0.735). The setting of ventilation showed no difference between two groups (Table 2).

The procedure time was 22 minutes (15–30) in the trainee group and 23 minutes (15–30) in the intensivist group, showing no significant difference (p = 0.323) (Table 3). PDT-related complications occurred in 23 patients (17%) in the trainee group and 9 (14%) in the intensivist group (p = 0.309). Bleeding, which was the most frequent complication, occurred in 15 patients (11%) in the trainee group and 6 (10%) in the intensivist group, respectively. Other complications did not show significant differences between the two groups (Table 3). Only one of total 203 patients was subject to the switch to surgical tracheostomy due to major bleeding, which occurred during PDT in the intensivist group (Table 4).

Before hospital discharge, decannulation was performed in 10 patients (7%) in the trainee group and 5 (8%) in the intensivist group, respectively (Table 5). The median duration from tracheostomy to decannulation was 45 days (21–88) in the trainee group and 21 days (19–54) in the intensivist group, respectively (p = 0.326). The median length of ICU stay was 22 days (11–31) and 22 days (13–36), respectively (p = 0.330) and the median length of hospital stay was 45 days (29–80) and 44 days (30–82), respectively (p = 0.836). The number of patients who died due to progression of underlying disease was 42 patients (30%) in the trainee group and 18 (28%) in the intensivist group, respectively. However, there was no PDT-related death in both groups.

DISCUSSION

The purpose of this study was to evaluate safety and feasibility of PDT performed by trainees subspecializing in CCM by comparing clinical outcomes and complications between trainee-led PDT and intensivist-led PDT. This study found no differences in clinical outcomes and procedural complications between the two groups.

It is well documented that PDT is safer and more feasible than conventional surgical tracheostomy.[5,8,9,13,14] PDT is undertaken through approximately 1 cm incision based on Seldinger technique using bronchoscopy. Two operators are required for the procedure, and one of them identifies a puncture site through the monitor. Because PDT is feasible to perform without the help of surgeons, intensivists perform the procedure at bedside of ICU.[9,15] Although the definition of procedure time required for PDT varies among studies, procedure time for PDT in other studies is shorter, compared with surgical tracheostomy. [9,15] The median procedure time in this study was similar to that of the previous studies.[7] Procedure time between the trainee and intensivist groups was also similar in this study, consistent with a previous report by Johnson et al.[16] that demonstrated no significant difference in procedure time between intensivist and trainee groups.

PDT-related complications rate was similar to the finding of the previous studies (10%–28%).[9,13,17,18] The rate of complications and complication types between the two groups showed no significant differences in this study. Previous studies also found no significant differences in the procedure related complications in trainee-led PDT group (Table 6).[10,14,15,19–23] Bleeding occurred in 5% to 24% of patients who underwent PDT.[7,9,16,24] This study also found a similar incidence rate of bleeding between the trainee and intensivist groups. In addition, all PDT procedures performed during the study period did not require the supervision of surgeons, although Suresh [25] suggested the need for surgical expertise to perform PDT. Minor bleeding was controlled without a surgical treatment, and major bleeding was controlled by intensivists or trainees with surgical background. Unlike Suresh,[25] we suggest that surgeons or the supervision of surgeons is not definitely required for PDT but underline the readiness to perform emergency surgical hemostasis, when necessary. Some complications including failed tracheal puncture, esophageal rupture, pneumothorax and paratracheal insertion of tracheostomy tube, were previously reported[5,13] but have not been identified in this study. These complications tend to occur when PDT is undertaken without bronchoscopic assistance.[26] Because PDT was completed with bronchoscopy, such complications could be prevented in this study.

This study had several limitations, including a retrospective study design and small sample size. First, this study was conducted at a tertiary hospital with multidisciplinary care. Therefore the results of this study cannot be generalized to other hospitals that have a subspecialty training program but not provide multi-disciplinary care. Second, the likelihood of bias cannot be fully ruled out because there could be undocumented inclusion criteria for subspecialty trainees participated in PDT procedure although we described their work schedule as a key factor deciding who would perform PDT. Also, effects of PDTs performed by intensivists on the results of this study appear to be trivial given that most of their procedures were undertaken for educational purpose. Lastly, while early complications associated with PDT were identified, other complications such as infection of surgical site could not be evaluated through the medical records. It was also impossible to identify post-extubation complications such as tracheal stenosis with a small number of patients who underwent decannulation.

In conclusion, no differences were found between trainee-led PDT and intensivist-led PDT with respect to clinical outcomes and complications. We suggest that PDT is a safe and feasible procedure to be performed by subspecialty trainees in CCM at institutions providing multidisciplinary medical practices that they are well prepared for an emergency.

Table 1.

Definition of complications

Complication
Bleeding	Requires multiple dressing change, topical epinephrine, transfusion, or surgical intervention in first 24 h
Cuff perforation	Perforation of tracheostomy tube balloon in first 24 h
Accidental decannulation	Unexpected removal of tracheostomy tube in first 24 h
Surgical conversion	Requires surgical tracheostomy by surgical team
Hypoxemia	Procedure-associated pulse oximetry arterial oxygen saturation lower than 90%
Arrhythmia	Bradycardia, supraventricular tachycardia during procedure, arterial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation

Table 2.

Data of patients underwent percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in mixed intensive care unit

	Trainee group (n = 139)	Intensivist group (n = 64)	p value
Age, yr	67 (55–74)	69.5 (52–76)	0.797
Males, n (%)	95 (68)	45 (70)	0.778
BMI, kg/m²	21 (18–24)	21.5 (19–24)	0.578
Platelet, 10³/μl	111 (49–221)	128 (54–276)	0.274
PT (INR)	1.16 (1.07–1.25)	1.17 (1.07–1.29)	0.634
aPTT, sec	40.1 (34.6–46.1)	43.2 (36.3–50.6)	0.069
Fibrinogen,	382 (280–559)	393 (236–533)	0.445
Underlying conditions			0.089
Hematologic malignancy	40 (28.8)	10 (15.4)
Oncologic malignancy	39 (28.1)	21 (33.8)
Pulmonary disease^*	28 (20.1)	17 (26.2)
Chronic kidney disease	3 (2.2)	3 (4.6)
Trauma	0 (0)	2 (3.1)
others^†	29 (20.9)	12 (18.5)
Reason for tracheostomy			0.189
Chronic ventilator dependence	107 (77.0)	43 (68.3)
Airway protection	32 (23.0)	20 (31.7)
SAPS3	65 (52.5–78)	58 (50–70)	0.056
Period of intubation, d	9 (5–13)	9 (5–13)	0.735
FiO₂, (%)	60 (42.5–80)	60 (45–100)	0.404
PEEP, cmH₂O	8 (8–12)	10 (8–12)	0.166

Values expressed as number of patients (%) or median with interquartile range.

^*Interstitial lung disease, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tuberculosis, nontuberculous mycobacteria.

^†Ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson’s disease, spinal never injury, aortic dissection. BMI: Body mass index; PT: Prothrombin time; aPTT: activated partial thrombin time; SAPS: Simplified acute physiology score; FiO₂: fraction of inspired oxygen; PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure.

Table 3.

Comparison of procedure times and complications between trainee fellow and staff intensivist

	Trainee group (n = 139)	Intensivist group (n = 64)	p value
Procedure time (min), median (IQR)	22 (15–30)	23 (15–30)	0.323
Complications	23 (16.5)	9 (14.1)	0.652
Bleeding	15 (10.8)	6 (9.4)	0.758
Major bleeding	3	2
Minor bleeding	12	4
Cuff perforation	4 (2.9)	0 (0)	0.310
Hypoxia	2 (1.4)	1 (1.6)	> 0.999
Accidental decannulation	1 (0.7)	0 (0)	> 0.999
Arrhythmia	1 (0.7)	1 (1.6)	0.532
Surgical conversion	0 (0)	1 (1.6)	0.315

Values expressed as number of patients (%) or median with interquartile range (IQR).

Table 4.

Comparison of procedure times and complications according to trainee’s subspecialty

	Medical trainee (n = 122)	Surgical trainee (n = 17)	p value
Procedure time (min), median (IQR)	23.5 (15–30)	20 (14–32.5)	0.698
Complications	21 (17.2)	2 (11.8)	0.738
Bleeding	15 (12.3)	0 (0)	0.215
Major bleeding	3 (2.5)	0 (0)
Minor bleeding	12 (9.8)	0 (0)
Cuff perforation	4 (3.3)	0 (0)	> 0.999
Hypoxia	1 (0.8)	1 (0.8)	0.230
Accidental decannulation	1 (0.8)	0 (0)	> 0.999
Arrhythmia	0 (0)	1 (0.8)	0.122

Values expressed as number of patients (%) or median with interquartile range (IQR).

Table 5.

Outcomes of patients underwent percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy

	Trainee group (n = 139)	Intensivist group (n = 64)	p value
Decannulation	10 (7.2)	5 (7.8)	> 0.999
Days before decannluation	45 (21–88)	21 (19–54)	0.326
Length of ICU stay	22 (11–31)	22 (13–36)	0.330
Length of hospital stay	45 (29–80)	44 (30–82)	0.836
In hospital death	42 (30.2)	18 (28.1)	0.762

Values expressed as number of patients (%) or median with interquartile range. ICU: intensive care unit.

Table 6.

Key outcomes of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in the randomized studies comparing percutaneous dilatational and surgical tracheostomy in critically ill patients

Study	PDT performed by	No. of patients performed PDT	Complication (n)	Bleeding (n)	Procedure times, (min)	Use of bronchoscopic guidedance for PDT
Silvester et al.[15]	Trainee	100	NA	7	20 (IQR, 15–30)	Yes
Hazard et al.[19]	Trainee	24	3	1	NA	No
Tabaee et al.[20]	Trainee	29	7	1	8 (range, 3–25)	Yes
Massick et al.[21]	Trainee	50	4	2	11 (IQR, 4–18)	Yes
Wu et al.[10]	Staff	42	NA	2	22 ± 12	Yes
Heikkinen et al.[14]	Staff	31	NA	5	35 ± 12	No
Antonelli et al.[22]	Staff	67	10	2	17 ± 10	No
Melloni et al.[23]	Staff	25	2	2	14 ± 6	Yes

PDT: percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy; NA: not available; IQR: interquartile range; staff: intensive care specialists; trainee: doctor in resident program or critical care fellowship program.

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References

Citations

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Safety and Feasibility of Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy Performed by Intensive Care Trainee

Korean J Crit Care Med. 2014;29(2):64-69. Published online May 31, 2014

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2014.29.2.64

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Safety and Feasibility of Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy Performed by Intensive Care Trainee

Complication
Bleeding	Requires multiple dressing change, topical epinephrine, transfusion, or surgical intervention in first 24 h
Cuff perforation	Perforation of tracheostomy tube balloon in first 24 h
Accidental decannulation	Unexpected removal of tracheostomy tube in first 24 h
Surgical conversion	Requires surgical tracheostomy by surgical team
Hypoxemia	Procedure-associated pulse oximetry arterial oxygen saturation lower than 90%
Arrhythmia	Bradycardia, supraventricular tachycardia during procedure, arterial fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, and ventricular fibrillation

	Trainee group (n = 139)	Intensivist group (n = 64)	p value
Age, yr	67 (55–74)	69.5 (52–76)	0.797
Males, n (%)	95 (68)	45 (70)	0.778
BMI, kg/m²	21 (18–24)	21.5 (19–24)	0.578
Platelet, 10³/μl	111 (49–221)	128 (54–276)	0.274
PT (INR)	1.16 (1.07–1.25)	1.17 (1.07–1.29)	0.634
aPTT, sec	40.1 (34.6–46.1)	43.2 (36.3–50.6)	0.069
Fibrinogen,	382 (280–559)	393 (236–533)	0.445
Underlying conditions			0.089
Hematologic malignancy	40 (28.8)	10 (15.4)
Oncologic malignancy	39 (28.1)	21 (33.8)
Pulmonary disease^*	28 (20.1)	17 (26.2)
Chronic kidney disease	3 (2.2)	3 (4.6)
Trauma	0 (0)	2 (3.1)
others^†	29 (20.9)	12 (18.5)
Reason for tracheostomy			0.189
Chronic ventilator dependence	107 (77.0)	43 (68.3)
Airway protection	32 (23.0)	20 (31.7)
SAPS3	65 (52.5–78)	58 (50–70)	0.056
Period of intubation, d	9 (5–13)	9 (5–13)	0.735
FiO₂, (%)	60 (42.5–80)	60 (45–100)	0.404
PEEP, cmH₂O	8 (8–12)	10 (8–12)	0.166

	Trainee group (n = 139)	Intensivist group (n = 64)	p value
Procedure time (min), median (IQR)	22 (15–30)	23 (15–30)	0.323
Complications	23 (16.5)	9 (14.1)	0.652
Bleeding	15 (10.8)	6 (9.4)	0.758
Major bleeding	3	2
Minor bleeding	12	4
Cuff perforation	4 (2.9)	0 (0)	0.310
Hypoxia	2 (1.4)	1 (1.6)	> 0.999
Accidental decannulation	1 (0.7)	0 (0)	> 0.999
Arrhythmia	1 (0.7)	1 (1.6)	0.532
Surgical conversion	0 (0)	1 (1.6)	0.315

	Medical trainee (n = 122)	Surgical trainee (n = 17)	p value
Procedure time (min), median (IQR)	23.5 (15–30)	20 (14–32.5)	0.698
Complications	21 (17.2)	2 (11.8)	0.738
Bleeding	15 (12.3)	0 (0)	0.215
Major bleeding	3 (2.5)	0 (0)
Minor bleeding	12 (9.8)	0 (0)
Cuff perforation	4 (3.3)	0 (0)	> 0.999
Hypoxia	1 (0.8)	1 (0.8)	0.230
Accidental decannulation	1 (0.8)	0 (0)	> 0.999
Arrhythmia	0 (0)	1 (0.8)	0.122

	Trainee group (n = 139)	Intensivist group (n = 64)	p value
Decannulation	10 (7.2)	5 (7.8)	> 0.999
Days before decannluation	45 (21–88)	21 (19–54)	0.326
Length of ICU stay	22 (11–31)	22 (13–36)	0.330
Length of hospital stay	45 (29–80)	44 (30–82)	0.836
In hospital death	42 (30.2)	18 (28.1)	0.762

Study	PDT performed by	No. of patients performed PDT	Complication (n)	Bleeding (n)	Procedure times, (min)	Use of bronchoscopic guidedance for PDT
Silvester et al.[15]	Trainee	100	NA	7	20 (IQR, 15–30)	Yes
Hazard et al.[19]	Trainee	24	3	1	NA	No
Tabaee et al.[20]	Trainee	29	7	1	8 (range, 3–25)	Yes
Massick et al.[21]	Trainee	50	4	2	11 (IQR, 4–18)	Yes
Wu et al.[10]	Staff	42	NA	2	22 ± 12	Yes
Heikkinen et al.[14]	Staff	31	NA	5	35 ± 12	No
Antonelli et al.[22]	Staff	67	10	2	17 ± 10	No
Melloni et al.[23]	Staff	25	2	2	14 ± 6	Yes

Table 1. Definition of complications

Table 2. Data of patients underwent percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in mixed intensive care unit

Values expressed as number of patients (%) or median with interquartile range.

Interstitial lung disease, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, tuberculosis, nontuberculous mycobacteria.

†

Ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson’s disease, spinal never injury, aortic dissection. BMI: Body mass index; PT: Prothrombin time; aPTT: activated partial thrombin time; SAPS: Simplified acute physiology score; FiO₂: fraction of inspired oxygen; PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure.

Table 3. Comparison of procedure times and complications between trainee fellow and staff intensivist

Values expressed as number of patients (%) or median with interquartile range (IQR).

Table 4. Comparison of procedure times and complications according to trainee’s subspecialty

Values expressed as number of patients (%) or median with interquartile range (IQR).

Table 5. Outcomes of patients underwent percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy

Values expressed as number of patients (%) or median with interquartile range. ICU: intensive care unit.

Table 6. Key outcomes of percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy in the randomized studies comparing percutaneous dilatational and surgical tracheostomy in critically ill patients

PDT: percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy; NA: not available; IQR: interquartile range; staff: intensive care specialists; trainee: doctor in resident program or critical care fellowship program.