1Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
2Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Thammasat University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University, Pathum Thani, Thailand
Copyright © 2022 The Korean Society of Critical Care Medicine
This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
FUNDING
None.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to show great appreciation to all the staff and faculty members of the participating hospital for the strong support and extensive cooperation. They also would like to express their gratitude to all parents and children participating in this study.
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS
Conceptualization: CC. Data curation: all authors. Formal analysis: all authors. Methodology: CC. Project administration: all authors. Writing–original draft: all authors. Writing–review & editing: all authors.
Parameter | Domain | Evaluating tool |
---|---|---|
V: vaccination | - | Thailand national expanded program on immunization [13] |
S: sleep | Physical | BEARS questionnaire [14] |
C: parental care | Social | Zarit caregiver burden interview [15] |
A: daily activity and social interaction | Social | Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (children >5 years) [16] |
R: rehabilitation requirement | Physical | Functional scale score–motor domain [17] |
E: ear and hearing | Physical | Transitory-evoked otoacoustic emission screening [18-20] |
M: mood | Mental | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-V) for posttraumatic stress disorder [21] |
D: developmental problems | Cognitive | Red flags for developmental delays according to the American Academy of Pediatrics [22] |
Variable | Value (n=95) |
---|---|
Age (yr) | 2.0 (0.2–5.0) |
Sex | |
Male | 55 (57.9) |
Female | 40 (42.1) |
Underlying disease | |
None | 37 (38.9) |
Cardiovascular | 29 (30.5) |
Genetics | 12 (12.6) |
Rheumatology | 3 (3.2) |
Nephrology | 2 (2.1) |
Gastrointestinal | 4 (4.2) |
Neurologic | 3 (3.2) |
Allergy | 3 (3.2) |
Respiratory system | 2 (2.1) |
Admission diagnosis | |
Cardiovascular | 39 (41.0) |
Respiratory | 27 (28.4) |
Neurologic | 10 (10.5) |
Infectious | 8 (8.4) |
Gastrointestinal | 7 (7.4) |
Endocrine | 3 (3.2) |
Nephrology | 1 (1.1) |
Mechanically ventilated | 62 (62.3) |
Mechanical ventilation >7 days | 22 (23.2) |
PRISM III score [24] | 2.0 (0.0–6.0) |
Continuous sedative infusion | 40 (40.2) |
NMB use | 18 (18.9) |
PICU stay (day) | 5.0 (3.0–11.0) |
Prolonged PICU stay >7 days | 37 (38.9) |
Hospital stay (day) | 16.5 (9.0–30.0) |
Physical dysfunction | 61 (64.2) |
Sleep problem | 39 (41.1) |
Motor dysfunction | 33 (34.7) |
Mild dysfunction | 7/33 (21.2) |
Moderate dysfunction | 11/33 (33.3) |
Severe dysfunction | 5/33 (15.2) |
Very severe dysfunction | 10/33 (30.3) |
Abnormal TEOAE response | 19 (20.0) |
Cognitive dysfunction | 25 (26.3) |
Mental dysfunction | 13 (13.7) |
Social dysfunction | 37 (38.9) |
Caregiver burden | 6 (6.3) |
Abnormal daily activity and social function | 34 (35.8) |
Parameter | Domain | Evaluating tool |
---|---|---|
V: vaccination | - | Thailand national expanded program on immunization [13] |
S: sleep | Physical | BEARS questionnaire [14] |
C: parental care | Social | Zarit caregiver burden interview [15] |
A: daily activity and social interaction | Social | Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (children >5 years) [16] |
R: rehabilitation requirement | Physical | Functional scale score–motor domain [17] |
E: ear and hearing | Physical | Transitory-evoked otoacoustic emission screening [18-20] |
M: mood | Mental | Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition (DSM-V) for posttraumatic stress disorder [21] |
D: developmental problems | Cognitive | Red flags for developmental delays according to the American Academy of Pediatrics [22] |
Variable | Value (n=95) |
---|---|
Age (yr) | 2.0 (0.2–5.0) |
Sex | |
Male | 55 (57.9) |
Female | 40 (42.1) |
Underlying disease | |
None | 37 (38.9) |
Cardiovascular | 29 (30.5) |
Genetics | 12 (12.6) |
Rheumatology | 3 (3.2) |
Nephrology | 2 (2.1) |
Gastrointestinal | 4 (4.2) |
Neurologic | 3 (3.2) |
Allergy | 3 (3.2) |
Respiratory system | 2 (2.1) |
Admission diagnosis | |
Cardiovascular | 39 (41.0) |
Respiratory | 27 (28.4) |
Neurologic | 10 (10.5) |
Infectious | 8 (8.4) |
Gastrointestinal | 7 (7.4) |
Endocrine | 3 (3.2) |
Nephrology | 1 (1.1) |
Mechanically ventilated | 62 (62.3) |
Mechanical ventilation >7 days | 22 (23.2) |
PRISM III score [24] | 2.0 (0.0–6.0) |
Continuous sedative infusion | 40 (40.2) |
NMB use | 18 (18.9) |
PICU stay (day) | 5.0 (3.0–11.0) |
Prolonged PICU stay >7 days | 37 (38.9) |
Hospital stay (day) | 16.5 (9.0–30.0) |
Physical dysfunction | 61 (64.2) |
Sleep problem | 39 (41.1) |
Motor dysfunction | 33 (34.7) |
Mild dysfunction | 7/33 (21.2) |
Moderate dysfunction | 11/33 (33.3) |
Severe dysfunction | 5/33 (15.2) |
Very severe dysfunction | 10/33 (30.3) |
Abnormal TEOAE response | 19 (20.0) |
Cognitive dysfunction | 25 (26.3) |
Mental dysfunction | 13 (13.7) |
Social dysfunction | 37 (38.9) |
Caregiver burden | 6 (6.3) |
Abnormal daily activity and social function | 34 (35.8) |
Parameter | Problem (n=61) | Without problems (n=34) | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 33 (54.1) | 22 (64.7) | 0.64 (0.27–1.53) | 0.315 | ||
Underlying disease | 42 (68.8) | 16 (47.0) | 2.49 (1.05–5.90) | 0.037 | 2.03 (0.79–5.20) | 0.139 |
Prolonged PICU stay >7 days | 31 (50.8) | 6 (17.6) | 4.82 (1.75–13.30) | 0.001 | 3.80 (1.31–11.00) | 0.014 |
Mechanical ventilation | 46 (75.4) | 16 (47.0) | 3.45 (1.42–8.41) | 0.005 | 2.17 (0.83–5.71) | 0.116 |
Sedation | 29 (47.5) | 11 (32.3) | 1.89 (0.79–4.55) | 0.151 | ||
Neuromuscular blocker | 12 (19.7) | 6 (17.6) | 1.14 (0.39–3.38) | 0.809 |
Parameter | Problem (n=25) | Without problems (n=70) | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 12 (48.0) | 43 (61.4) | 1.49 (0.76–2.91) | 0.243 | ||
Underlying disease | 23 (92.0) | 35 (50.0) | 11.50 (2.52–52.53) | <0.001 | 13.63 (2.64–70.26) | 0.002 |
Prolonged PICU stay >7 days | 19 (76.0) | 18 (25.7) | 9.15 (3.16–26.48) | <0.001 | 10.11 (3.01–33.89) | <0.001 |
Mechanical ventilation | 21 (84.0) | 41 (58.6) | 3.71 (1.15–11.97) | 0.022 | 1.47 (0.36–6.05) | 0.592 |
Sedation | 12 (48.0) | 28 (40.0) | 1.38 (0.55–3.47) | 0.487 | ||
Neuromuscular blocker | 7 (28.0) | 11 (15.7) | 2.09 (0.71–6.17) | 0.178 |
Parameter | Problem (n=13) | Without problems (n=82) | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 6 (46.1) | 33 (40.2) | 1.60 (0.58–4.41) | 0.356 |
Underlying disease | 6 (46.1) | 52 (63.4) | 0.49 (0.15–1.61) | 0.236 |
Prolonged PICU stay >7 days | 3 (23.0) | 34 (41.5) | 0.42 (0.11–1.66) | 0.207 |
Mechanical ventilation | 5 (38.4) | 57 (69.5) | 0.27 (0.08–0.92) | 0.029 |
Sedation | 3 (23.1) | 37 (45.1) | 0.36 (0.09–1.42) | 0.135 |
Neuromuscular blocker | 1 (7.7) | 17 (20.7) | 0.32 (0.04–2.63) | 0.265 |
Parameter | Problem (n=37) | Without problems (n=58) | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value | Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 18 (48.6) | 37 (63.8) | 1.45 (0.88–2.39) | 0.145 | ||
Underlying diseasea | 28 (75.6) | 30 (51.7) | 2.90 (1.17–7.22) | 0.020 | 2.81 (1.06–7.47) | 0.038 |
Prolonged PICU stay >7 days | 23 (62.2) | 14 (24.1) | 5.16 (2.11–12.65) | <0.001 | 5.01 (2.01–12.73) | 0.001 |
Mechanical ventilation | 27 (72.8) | 35 (60.3) | 1.77 (0.72–4.35) | 0.207 | ||
Sedation | 14 (37.8) | 26 (44.8) | 0.75 (0.32–1.74) | 0.501 | ||
Neuromuscular blocker | 9 (24.3) | 9 (15.5) | 1.75 (0.62–4.92) | 0.285 |
Parameter | Problem (n= 26) | Without problems (n=9) | Crude odds ratio (95% CI) | P-value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | 18 (69.2) | 37 (53.6) | 1.95 (0.75–5.07) | 0.170 |
Underlying disease | 17 (65.3) | 41 (59.4) | 1.29 (0.50–3.30) | 0.595 |
Prolonged PICU stay >7 days | 15 (57.7) | 34 (31.9) | 2.91 (1.15–7.37) | 0.021 |
Mechanical ventilation | 19 (73.1) | 43 (62.3) | 1.64 (0.61–4.43) | 0.326 |
Sedation | 13 (50.0) | 27 (39.1) | 1.56 (0.63–3.86) | 0.339 |
Neuromuscular blocker | 8 (30.8) | 10 (14.5) | 2.62 (0.90–7.64) | 0.071 |
Values are presented as median (interquartile range) or number (%). PRISM: Pediatric Risk of Mortality; NMB: neuromuscular blocker; PICU: pediatric intensive care unit; TEOAE: transitory evoked otoacoustic emission.
Values are presented as number (%) unless otherwise indicated. PICU: pediatric intensive care unit; CI: confidence interval.
Values are presented as number (%) unless otherwise indicated. PICU: pediatric intensive care unit; CI: confidence interval.
Values are presented as number (%) unless otherwise indicated. PICU: pediatric intensive care unit; CI: confidence interval.
Values are presented as number (%) unless otherwise indicated. PICU: pediatric intensive care unit; CI: confidence interval.
Values are presented as number (%) unless otherwise indicated. PICU: pediatric intensive care unit; CI: confidence interval.