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Original Article APACHE II Score Immediately after Cardiac Arrest as a Predictor of Good Neurological Outcome in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients Receiving Targeted Temperature Management
Sang-Il Kim1orcid, Youn-Jung Kim1, You-Jin Lee2, Seung Mok Ryoo1, Chang Hwan Sohn1, Dong Woo Seo1, Yoon-Seon Lee1, Jae Ho Lee1, Kyoung Soo Lim1, Won Young Kim1orcid
Acute and Critical Care 2018;33(2):83-88.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2017.00514
Published online: May 31, 2018

1Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea

2Department of Emergency Medicine, Gangneung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Korea

Correspondence to: Won Young Kim, Department of Emergency Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, 88 Olympic-ro 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Korea Tel: +82-2-3010-3350, Fax: +82-2-3010-3360, E-mail: wonpia73@naver.com
• Received: September 22, 2017   • Revised: March 19, 2018   • Accepted: March 21, 2018

Copyright © 2018 The Korean Society of Critical Care Medicine

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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  • Background
    This study assessed the association between the initial Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score and good neurological outcome in comatose survivors of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who received targeted temperature management (TTM).
  • Methods
    Data from survivors of cardiac arrest who received TTM between January 2011 and June 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. The initial APACHE II score was determined using the data immediately collected after return of spontaneous circulation rather than within 24 hours after being admitted to the intensive care unit. Good neurological outcome, defined as Cerebral Performance Category 1 or 2 on day 28, was the primary outcome of this study.
  • Results
    Among 143 survivors of cardiac arrest who received TTM, 62 (43.4%) survived, and 34 (23.8%) exhibited good neurological outcome on day 28. The initial APACHE II score was significantly lower in the patients with good neurological outcome than in those with poor neurological outcome (23.71 ± 4.39 vs. 27.62 ± 6.16, P = 0.001). The predictive ability of the initial APACHE II score for good neurological outcome, assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, was 0.697 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.599 to 0.795; P = 0.001). The initial APACHE II score was associated with good neurological outcome after adjusting for confounders (odds ratio, 0.878; 95% CI, 0.792 to 0.974; P = 0.014).
  • Conclusions
    In the present study, the APACHE II score calculated in the immediate post-cardiac arrest period was associated with good neurological outcome. The initial APACHE II score might be useful for early identification of good neurological outcome.
  • Key Words: APACHE II; out-of-hospital cardiac arrest; survival
After resuscitation from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA), patients can suffer from systemic inflammatory reactions such as sepsis due to global ischemic injury followed by cardiac arrest and reperfusion injury after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) [1,2]. Ischemia/reperfusion injury to the whole body induces generalized activation of coagulation and immunological pathways. These processes increase the risk of multiple organ failure [3]. Among postcardiac arrest patients, 66% had multiple organ failure based on the 3–4 score determined using Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) of two or more extracerebral organ systems, and 44% showed worsening organ dysfunction over the first 72 hours after ROSC [1]. A few recent studies have found that the severity of organ dysfunction determined by SOFA score and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score were associated with in-hospital mortality in patients after cardiac arrest [4-8]. However, in patients who receive targeted temperature management (TTM), data are lacking on whether these disease severity scores are associated with good neurological outcome, which is the ultimate treatment goal for patients resuscitated after OHCA. Moreover, early identification of good neurological outcome is helpful to physicians so that valuable medical resources and management such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) or coronary artery bypass graft can be appropriately allocated.
Therefore, in the present study, the initial APACHE II score was calculated based on the data collected immediately after ROSC rather than within 24 hours after being admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). We investigated the association between initial APACHE II score and good neurological outcome in comatose survivors of OHCA who were treated with TTM.
Study Design
Data from cardiac arrest survivors treated with TTM at Asan Medical Center between January 2011 and June 2016 were retrospectively analyzed. The Institutional Review Board of the hospital (IRB No. 2016-0476) approved the study. Due to the retrospective nature of this study, prior consent was not required. The study cohort included nontraumatic OHCA survivors 18 years of age or older who had neurological impairment immediately after ROSC and who were treated with TTM.
Data Collection and Definitions
The collected data included patient demographic information (including age and sex), comorbid conditions, all variables necessary for computing APACHE II scores, and Cerebral Performance Category (CPC) score on day 28. Initial APACHE II score was calculated based on the data collected immediately after ROSC rather than within 24 hours of admission to the ICU. The primary outcome was good neurological one, defined as CPC 1 or 2 on day 28. CPC 1 indicates good cerebral performance (able to work and normal life); CPC 2, moderate cerebral disability (disabled but independent); CPC 3, severe cerebral disability (conscious but disabled and dependent); CPC 4, comatose or in a persistent vegetative state (unconsciousness); CPC 5, brain death/dead [9]. CPC scores were divided into good (CPC 1 or 2) neurological outcome and poor (CPC 3, 4, or 5) neurological outcome, which are accepted categorizations for evaluating post-cardiac arrest patients [10].
Statistical Analysis
Data for the continuous variables are expressed as mean ± standard deviation when following the normal distribution and as intermediate value by quadrant when following the non-normal distribution. Categorical data are expressed in absolute number and percentage. The differences between the continuous variables were analyzed using the t-test, and the differences between the categorical variables were analyzed using the chi-square test. The predictability of the model based on the initial APACHE II score was assessed using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). Independent contributions to good neurological outcome by variables useful at the time of admission were analyzed with multivariate analysis using a logistic regression model. A P-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. All statistical analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA).
During the study period, 143 patients received TTM after cardiac arrest; 62 patients (43.4%) survived, and 34 (23.8%) had good neurological outcomes on day 28. Table 1 shows the characteristics and differences of the patient groups based on good or poor neurological outcome classified by the CPC score on day 28. Significant differences were observed in age, initial rhythm, arrest cause, and part of the comorbidity between the cardiac arrest survivors receiving TTM who experienced good and poor neurological outcomes. The initial APACHE II score was significantly lower in those with good neurological outcome than in those with poor neurological outcome (23.71 ± 4.39 vs. 27.62 ± 6.16, P = 0.001). Serum lactic acid, C-reactive protein, and creatinine levels showed significant differences between these two groups (Table 2).
The predictive ability of the initial APACHE II score for good neurological outcome assessed using the AUROC was 0.697 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.599 to 0.795; P = 0.001) (Figure 1). Initial APACHE II score, age, nonshockable rhythm, initial lactate, and comorbid diseases including hypertension, chronic kidney disease, and chronic lung disease were statistically significant in the univariate analysis. In the multivariate analysis, the initial APACHE II score (odds ratio [OR], 0.878; 95% CI, 0.792 to 0.974; P = 0.014), initial lactate (OR, 0.839; 95% CI, 0.731 to 0.963; P = 0.012), and nonshockable rhythm (OR, 0.289; 95% CI, 0.113 to 0.740; P = 0.010) were significantly associated with good neurological outcome (Table 3).
This study evaluated the initial APACHE II scores of OHCA survivors who received TTM and the predictive power of the APACHE II scores for poor neurological outcome evaluated on day 28. The APACHE II score was significantly lower in patients with good neurological outcome than in those with poor neurological outcome. The predictive ability of the initial APACHE II score for good neurological outcome assessed using the AUROC was 0.697. Furthermore, after adjustment for confounders, the initial APACHE II score was associated with good neurological outcome (OR, 0.878; 95% CI, 0.792 to 0.974; P = 0.014). These results indicate that the APACHE II score measured early after ROSC may be useful for predicting neurological outcomes.
The APACHE II score was first introduced in 1985 by Knaus et al. [11] as a method for assessing disease severity. Currently, the APACHE II score is the most widely used method for predicting mortality in ICU patients. Although the APACHE II score is known to be useful for predicting morbidity and mortality in patients after cardiac arrest [8,12], to the best of our knowledge, only a few previous studies specifically validated its use in OHCA survivors who received TTM. Donnino et al. [8] evaluated the APACHE II score in a population of post-cardiac arrest patients, including cases of both in-hospital cardiac arrest and OHCA, and found that the initial APACHE II score in OHCA patients was a modest predictor of poor neurological outcome (AUC = 0.58). However, in the present study, an AUROC of 0.697 was found, indicating better predictive power. This result may be due to differences in the study population because 46% of patients were not treated with TTM. Moreover, our results may be a better reflection of real-world outcomes in patients who receive TTM [13,14]. In North America and Europe, patients expected to have bad neurological outcome are allowed to have life-supporting treatment withdrawn; thus, the longterm neurological outcome of these patients is unknown. In contrast, in South Korea, a legal prohibition exists against the withdrawal of life-supporting treatment from resuscitated patients. As such, all patients who are resuscitated, even those with poor neurological outcome, receive conservative care until death in the hospital, which allowed us to determine the patients’ neurological outcomes.
The majority of resuscitated cardiac arrest patients have impaired consciousness, and the need for prolonged highly intensive care of survivors who are unlikely to recover from neurological conditions presents an immense burden to healthcare systems, families, and society [15]. Many researchers have attempted to develop effective methods to predict survival and neurological prognosis in patients with cardiac arrest. Several biomarkers, brain imaging methods, and neurophysiologic tests have been studied as prognostic tools [16-19]. However, none of these factors alone are identified as a reliable predictor. In addition, most studies have suggested prognosis based on follow-up rather than predicting prognosis early after ROSC. The data collected at the initial stage immediately after ROSC are limited, and the examination may be insufficient given the initial unstable condition of the patient. However, early prediction of prognosis is more valuable because it can influence the appropriate distribution of medical resources and caregiver decisions.
In the present study, we found that the APACHE II score calculated immediately after cardiac arrest can be used to potentially identify good neurological outcome earlier. Although we do not know the optimal value for predicting good outcome, the value appears to be much higher than what is generally used (good outcome of 23.71 vs. poor outcome of 27.62). Therefore, further research with a larger study sample is needed to identify the optimal APACHE II score.
This study had several limitations. First, this was a retrospective study based on a preliminary cardiac arrest registry, making it impossible to avoid limitations related to data collection and analysis. Second, this was a single-center study, and the results may not be generalizable. Finally, we did not compare the prognostic value of APACHE II score with other well-known severity scoring systems such as SOFA or simplified acute physiology score, which should be the focus of future research.
In the present study, the APACHE II score calculated immediately after cardiac arrest was associated with good neurological outcome. Initial APACHE II score might be useful for early identification of good neurological outcome. It will be necessary to develop and verify a better prognostic method by adding parameters and experimenting with more patients.

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

Figure 1.
The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for initial Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score to predict good neurologic outcome. AUROC was 0.697 (95% confidence interval, 0.599 to 0.795; P = 0.001).
acc-2017-00514f1.jpg
Table 1.
Comparisons of baseline and clinical characteristics
Variable All patients (n = 143) Good neurologic outcome (n = 34) Poor neurologic outcome (n = 109) P-value
Demographics
 Age (yr) 59.50 ± 16.4 51.88 ± 18.09 61.88 ± 15.16 0.002
 Male sex 95 (66.4) 24 (70.6) 71 (65.1) 0.788
Initial rhythm <0.001
 Shockable rhythm 36 (25.2) 17 (47.2) 19 (52.8)
 Nonshockable rhythm 107 (74.8) 17 (15.9) 90 (84.1)
Comorbid condition
 Coronary artery disease 20 (14.0) 2 (5.9) 18 (16.5) 0.160
 Hypertension 48 (33.6) 6 (17.6) 42 (38.5) 0.024
 Diabetes mellitus 36 (25.2) 6 (17.6) 30 (27.5) 0.247
 Liver cirrhosis 5 (3.5) 0 5 (4.6) 0.339
 Chronic kidney disease 15 (10.5) 0 15 (13.8) 0.022
 Chronic lung disease 18 (12.6) 0 18 (16.5) 0.007
 Stroke 7 (6.4) 0 7 (6.4) 0.198
Cardiac arrest cause <0.001
 Cardiac 64 (44.8) 26 (76.5) 38 (34.9)
 Respiratory 31 (21.7) 3 (8.8) 28 (25.7)
 Othersa 48 (33.6) 5 (14.7) 43 (39.4)
Downtime 28.0 ± 17.0 24.7 ± 20.1 29.0 ± 15.9 0.206
GCS 3.08 ± 0.49 3.29 ± 0.97 3.01 ± 0.96 0.097
APACHE II score 26.69 ± 6.01 23.71 ± 4.39 27.62 ± 6.16 0.001

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).

GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; APACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation.

aOthers: other medical cause, unknown origin.

Table 2.
Laboratory results of two groups of patients with good or poor neurologic outcome
Variable All patients (n = 143) Good neurologic outcome (n = 34) Poor neurologic outcome (n = 109) P-value
White blood cell (103/μl) 12.96 ± 6.27 13.70 ± 6.96 12.70 ± 6.03 0.410
Hemoglobin (g/dl) 12.20 ± 2.78 12.94 ± 3.26 11.94 ± 2.56 0.076
Platelet (103/μl) 191.95 ± 83.36 198.06 ± 83.3 189.80 ± 83.72 0.626
Creatinine (mg/dl) 1.97 ± 2.37 1.40 ± 0.62 2.17 ± 2.71 0.011
Total bilirubin (mg/dl) 0.85 ± 1.41 1.03 ± 2.45 0.78 ± 0.82 0.384
C-reactive protein (mg/dl) 2.28 ± 4.54 10.50 ± 2.71 2.70 ± 4.97 0.021
Lactic acid (mmol/L) 11.72 ± 3.39 10.27 ± 3.91 12.17 ± 3.10 0.004

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

Table 3.
Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrating independent factors associated with the good neurologic outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients with TTM
Variable OR (95% CI) P-value
APACHE II score 0.878 (0.792–0.974) 0.014
Nonshockable rhythm 0.289 (0.113–0.740) 0.010
Initial lactic acid 0.839 (0.731–0.963) 0.012

TTM: targeted temperature management; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; APACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation.

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      APACHE II Score Immediately after Cardiac Arrest as a Predictor of Good Neurological Outcome in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients Receiving Targeted Temperature Management
      Acute Crit Care. 2018;33(2):83-88.   Published online May 31, 2018
      DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2017.00514
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    APACHE II Score Immediately after Cardiac Arrest as a Predictor of Good Neurological Outcome in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients Receiving Targeted Temperature Management
    Image
    Figure 1. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for initial Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) II score to predict good neurologic outcome. AUROC was 0.697 (95% confidence interval, 0.599 to 0.795; P = 0.001).

    Figure 1.

    APACHE II Score Immediately after Cardiac Arrest as a Predictor of Good Neurological Outcome in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Patients Receiving Targeted Temperature Management
    Variable All patients (n = 143) Good neurologic outcome (n = 34) Poor neurologic outcome (n = 109) P-value
    Demographics
     Age (yr) 59.50 ± 16.4 51.88 ± 18.09 61.88 ± 15.16 0.002
     Male sex 95 (66.4) 24 (70.6) 71 (65.1) 0.788
    Initial rhythm <0.001
     Shockable rhythm 36 (25.2) 17 (47.2) 19 (52.8)
     Nonshockable rhythm 107 (74.8) 17 (15.9) 90 (84.1)
    Comorbid condition
     Coronary artery disease 20 (14.0) 2 (5.9) 18 (16.5) 0.160
     Hypertension 48 (33.6) 6 (17.6) 42 (38.5) 0.024
     Diabetes mellitus 36 (25.2) 6 (17.6) 30 (27.5) 0.247
     Liver cirrhosis 5 (3.5) 0 5 (4.6) 0.339
     Chronic kidney disease 15 (10.5) 0 15 (13.8) 0.022
     Chronic lung disease 18 (12.6) 0 18 (16.5) 0.007
     Stroke 7 (6.4) 0 7 (6.4) 0.198
    Cardiac arrest cause <0.001
     Cardiac 64 (44.8) 26 (76.5) 38 (34.9)
     Respiratory 31 (21.7) 3 (8.8) 28 (25.7)
     Othersa 48 (33.6) 5 (14.7) 43 (39.4)
    Downtime 28.0 ± 17.0 24.7 ± 20.1 29.0 ± 15.9 0.206
    GCS 3.08 ± 0.49 3.29 ± 0.97 3.01 ± 0.96 0.097
    APACHE II score 26.69 ± 6.01 23.71 ± 4.39 27.62 ± 6.16 0.001
    Variable All patients (n = 143) Good neurologic outcome (n = 34) Poor neurologic outcome (n = 109) P-value
    White blood cell (103/μl) 12.96 ± 6.27 13.70 ± 6.96 12.70 ± 6.03 0.410
    Hemoglobin (g/dl) 12.20 ± 2.78 12.94 ± 3.26 11.94 ± 2.56 0.076
    Platelet (103/μl) 191.95 ± 83.36 198.06 ± 83.3 189.80 ± 83.72 0.626
    Creatinine (mg/dl) 1.97 ± 2.37 1.40 ± 0.62 2.17 ± 2.71 0.011
    Total bilirubin (mg/dl) 0.85 ± 1.41 1.03 ± 2.45 0.78 ± 0.82 0.384
    C-reactive protein (mg/dl) 2.28 ± 4.54 10.50 ± 2.71 2.70 ± 4.97 0.021
    Lactic acid (mmol/L) 11.72 ± 3.39 10.27 ± 3.91 12.17 ± 3.10 0.004
    Variable OR (95% CI) P-value
    APACHE II score 0.878 (0.792–0.974) 0.014
    Nonshockable rhythm 0.289 (0.113–0.740) 0.010
    Initial lactic acid 0.839 (0.731–0.963) 0.012
    Table 1. Comparisons of baseline and clinical characteristics

    Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation or number (%).

    GCS: Glasgow Coma Scale; APACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation.

    Others: other medical cause, unknown origin.

    Table 2. Laboratory results of two groups of patients with good or poor neurologic outcome

    Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation.

    Table 3. Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrating independent factors associated with the good neurologic outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients with TTM

    TTM: targeted temperature management; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; APACHE: Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation.

    Table 1.

    Table 2.

    Table 3.

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