A Pilot Survey of Difficult Intubation and Cannot Intubate, Cannot Ventilate Situations in Korea

Jung Soo Kim; Hyun Kyoung Lim; Jeong Yun Song; Hyun Keun Lim; Kyungchul Song; Jae Hwa Cho

doi:10.4266/kjccm.2016.00297

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Original Article A Pilot Survey of Difficult Intubation and Cannot Intubate, Cannot Ventilate Situations in Korea: Jung Soo Kim, M.D.^1,*, Hyun Kyoung Lim, M.D.^2,*, Jeong Yun Song, M.D.², Hyun Keun Lim, M.D.², Kyungchul Song, M.D.², Jae Hwa Cho, M.D.¹; Korean Journal of Critical Care Medicine 2016;31(3):202-207.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2016.00297
Published online: August 30, 2016

¹Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea

²Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Korea

Correspondence to: Jae Hwa Cho, Division of Pulmonology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Inha University College of Medicine, 27 Inhang-ro, Jung-gu, Incheon 22332, Korea Tel: +82-32-890-3490, Fax: +82-32-882-6578 E-mail: jaehwa.cho@inha.ac.kr

*These authors were contributed equally as co-first authors.

• Received: April 12, 2016 • Revised: May 18, 2016 • Accepted: May 26, 2016

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Results
Discussion
NOTES
Acknowledgments
REFERENCES

Abstract

Background:
There have been no studies of airway management strategies for difficult intubation and cannot intubate, cannot ventilate (CICV) situations in Korea. This study was intended to survey devices or methods that Korean anesthesiologists and intensivists prefer in difficult intubation and CICV situations.
Methods:
A face-to-face questionnaire that consisted of a doctor’s preference, experience and comfort level for alternative airway management devices was presented to anesthesiologists and intensivists at study meetings and conferences from October 2014 to December 2014.
Results:
We received 218 completed questionnaires. In regards to difficult intubation, the order of preferred alternative airway devices was a videolaryngoscope (51.8%), an optical stylet (22.9%), an intubating laryngeal mask airway (11.5%), and a fiber-optic bronchoscope (10.6%). One hundred forty-two (65.1%) respondents had encountered CICV situations, and most of the cases were identified during elective surgery. In CICV situations, the order of preferred methods of infraglottic airway management was cricothyroidotomy (CT) by intravenous (IV) catheter (57.3%), tracheostomy by a surgeon (18.8%), wire-guided CT (18.8%), CT using a bougie (2.8%), and open surgery CT using a scalpel (2.3%). Ninety-eight (45%) of the 218 respondents were familiar with the American Society of Anesthesiologists’ difficult airway algorithm or Difficult Airway Society algorithm, and only 43 (19.7%) had participated in airway workshops within the past five years.
Conclusion:
The videolaryngoscope was the most preferred device for difficult airways. In CICV situations, the method of CT via an IV catheter was the most frequently used, followed by wire-guided CT method and tracheostomy by the attending surgeon.
Key Words: intratracheal intubation; pulmonary ventiation; surveys and questionnaires

Introduction

A difficult airway is defined as a situation in which trained doctors suffer from establishing endotracheal intubation and maintaining facial mask ventilation.[1] Difficult airway or cannot intubate, cannot ventilate (CICV) situations are rare but life-threatening.[2] To properly cope with these situations, the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) and Difficult Airway Society (DAS) released practice guidelines for managing difficult airways.[1,3,4] Several airway devices have been introduced through these guidelines; however, the most optimal airway device has not yet been determined. In Canada, anesthesiologists’ proficiency and preferences in difficult intubation and CICV situations were surveyed in 2003 and then again in 2013.[5,6] The researchers concluded that in difficult intubations, the most frequently selected device was a videolaryngoscope, while in CICV situations, the most commonly chosen infraglottic airway management technique was a wire-guided cricothyroidotomy (CT) according to the 2013 survey.

This survey was important to highlight a current issue in clinical management; further clinical trials or interventions can be conducted using the background data. However, a comparable survey of difficult intubation and CICV has not yet been carried out in Korea. Therefore, this study investigated the devices or methods that Korean anesthesiologists and intensivists prefer to use in difficult intubations and CICV situations for future clinical trials.

Materials and Methods

This survey was administered at conferences of anesthesiologists and intensivists from October 2014 to December 2014. A questionnaire was provided by an anesthesiology resident using a face-to-face method. These residents had been trained to explain the devices and methods mentioned on the questionnaire, which consisted of three sections. The first proposed a situation where the anesthesiologists and intensivists would handle an unanticipated difficult intubation and failed direct laryngoscopy, and posed three questions. First, what were the first and second choices for alternative airway devices after a failed direct laryngoscopy? Second, had they ever used any of the listed devices on mannequins or patients before? Third, how comfortable were they in using the selected devices cited in the second question? The second section was related to a CICV situation. The respondents were asked how many times they had encountered a CICV situation in the last five years or ever, and in what circumstances they had encountered them. When the respondents considered surgical airway management after an intubating laryngeal mask airway (ILMA) failed to sustain adequate ventilation, they were asked for their first and second choices, if they had ever used any of these methods and how comfortable they were with these methods. Finally, the respondents were asked how familiar were they with the ASA difficult airway algorithm and the DAS algorithm and if they had participated in any difficult airway workshops within the last five years. The third section included demographic questions.

We analyzed the data using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for Windows, version 18.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). A chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables. For the statistical analysis, the clinicians’ comfort level with using alternative airway devices and performing surgical airway techniques were categorized into binary variables. “Very comfortable” and “somewhat comfortable” were combined into “comfortable,” while “somewhat uncomfortable” and “uncomfortable” were combined into “uncomfortable.”

Results

We gathered 218 questionnaires. The response rate was approximately 90%. However, some questionnaires were incomplete; blank responses were coded as missing data. The demographics of the respondents included age, sex, practice status, type of practice, and region of practice, and are described in Table 1.

The first and second choices of alternative devices for difficult intubation situations are summarized in Table 2. The selection of the first-choice alternative device was also analyzed with consideration of the clinician’s practice level (resident or staff member). No relationship with the practice level was found for any of the devices except for ILMA. The tendency to choose an ILMA was more prevalent in the residents (residents vs. staff: 13.0% vs. 8.6%, chi-square test, p < 0.05). More than 80% of the respondents had used a videolaryngoscope, an optical stylet and an ILMA on patients and mannequins, while only 28.4% had experience with retrograde wire set intubation (Table 3). Anesthesiologists and intensivists who had previously worked with particular airway devices, such as asleep fiber-optic bronchoscope (FOB), ILMA, videolaryngoscope, optical stylet, and retrograde wire set intubation, had a correlation with the operator’s comfort. The respective proportions of comfort in the operators with experience vs. that in those without experience were as follows: asleep FOB: 51.5% vs. 19.6%; ILMA: 80.6% vs. 34.9%; videolaryngoscope: 94.8% vs. 36.0%; optical stylet: 93.2% vs. 40.2%; and retrograde wire stylet: 12.9% vs. 2.6% (chi-square, p < 0.05 for all comparisons).

One hundred forty-two (65.1%) respondents had experienced a CICV situation an average of 2.6 times during his or her lifetime. One hundred twenty-six respondents (57.8%) had encountered such a situation within the last five years. Anesthesiologists and intensivists reported CICV in the following situations: elective surgery, 44.0%; emergency surgery, 30.3%; head and neck surgery, 26.6%; trauma, 15.1%; obstetrics, 7.8%; intensive care unit patients, 6%; emergency department patients, 3.7%; bariatric patients, 2.8%; and burn patients, 2.3%. The first and second choices for an infraglottic airway are summarized in Table 4, and the experiences and proportions of comfort with an infraglottic airway are shown in Table 5. Less than 10% of the respondents had experience applying infraglottic airway techniques in actual patients. Most participants were uncomfortable with infraglottic airway techniques, including the open surgical CT method (6.0%), the bougie CT method (7.9%), and tracheostomy (5.6%), which were all less than 10%. The proportions of comfort in each of the infraglottic airway techniques were not significantly different between residents and staff.

Forty-five percent of our respondents were familiar with the ASA difficult airway algorithm or the DAS algorithm. However, only about 20% had participated in a difficult airway workshop in the past five years. Training obtained from difficult airway workshops was related to participants’ familiarity with the ASA difficult airway algorithm or the DAS algorithm, but was not associated with the choice of difficult airway devices or infraglottic airway techniques.

Discussion

In this study, more than half of the anesthesiologists and intensivists preferred a videolaryngoscope (51.8%) as their first-choice device in difficult intubation situations, followed by an optical stylet (22.9%). In a 2013 Canadian survey, most of the anesthesiologists (89.6%) also selected a videolaryngoscope as their first alternative airway device; according to an earlier survey published in Canada in 2005, the use of a lighted stylet, FOB, ILMA, a retrograde wire set, and a flexible tip has largely replaced the videolaryngoscope for this procedure. Optical stylets were more often preferred in this survey than in the Canadian survey from 2013 (22.9% vs. 1.7%). This discrepancy also might have resulted from the different participants of the respective studies. This questionnaire was designed for anesthesiologists and intensivists, while the Canadian survey of 2013 included only one anesthesiologist.[7,8] Other studies have demonstrated that before performing the procedure on actual patients, clinicians should practice using bronchoscopy simulation training to accelerate the acquisition of bronchoscope skills; the use of an endobronchial ultrasound simulator has also been reported to lead to a more rapid acquisition of skills.[9-11] Similar findings were observed in this study. Many experiences were proportional to the physician’s comfort level in using difficult airway devices, except for awake FOB. In addition, the order of comfort level in using difficult airway devices was the same as the order of first-chosen difficult airway devices.

In the 2005 Canadian survey, a CT using an intravenous (IV) catheter was the most popular technique. However, wire-guided CT (39.3%) was the most frequently used in the 2013 Canadian study, followed by CT and IV (27.9%) and a tracheostomy performed by the surgeon (22.5%). In our study, a CT using an IV catheter (57.3%) was the most chosen, and a wire-guided CT (18.8%) and a tracheostomy by the surgeon (18.8%) followed. CT by an IV catheter takes a short time and creates very few serious complications because it does not require any sophisticated equipment.[12] However, the airflow to the lungs is limited by the diameter of the catheter, so CT using an IV catheter is inferior to a wire-guided CT method and a tracheostomy at providing adequate ventilation. Thus, we predicted that the trend in Korea will move from CT using an IV catheter to CT using a wire-guided method, as was noted in Canada.

The probability of encountering a CICV situation in this study was similar to that from the 2013 Canadian survey. However, the degree of experience and proportion of comfort were relatively low in all methods, while the number of participants who took part in difficult airway workshops within the last five years were smaller in our study than in the Canadian study (about 50% vs. 20%, respectively). Insufficient education and training regarding airway management accounted for about 50% of airway complications that arose.[13] For example, in a previous study, even when an experienced anesthesiologist used the Glidescope^® (Verathon, Seattle, WA, USA) videolaryngoscope, significant adverse outcomes resulted when these practitioners lacked familiarity with the instrument.[14] As technology continues to advance, computer aided simulators and mannequins create more realistic situations;[15] therefore, it is necessary to utilize this equipment to augment proficiency in airway management.

There were some limitations in this survey. Most of our results were obtained from younger doctors (under age 45 at 76%). This survey was designed for anesthesiologists and intensivists; however, the distribution of respondents was not investigated. An unrepresentative population of respondents might have influenced the different results in this survey compared with a Canadian survey of 2013. Since we had no choice but to reduce the cost and increase the response rate, the survey was conducted using a face-to-face method and was designed as a pilot survey. Therefore, most respondents worked in specific geographic areas, particularly at teaching hospitals. In addition, we did not consider the presence or availability of the aforementioned devices in each hospital, which might also have affected their use. Therefore, a larger survey that is more representative of the practices and techniques of anesthesiologists and intensivists in Korea should be conducted to confirm our results.

In summary, our survey revealed that a videolaryngoscope was the first choice in difficult intubation situations, and an optical stylet was next. Experiences with particular airway devices, such as asleep FOB, ILMA, videolaryngoscope, optical stylet, and retrograde wire set intubation, had a correlation with the comfort level of the operator. In CICV situations, 65.1% of the respondents had experienced these situations, and CT using an IV catheter was the most preferred method, followed by wire-guided CT and then tracheostomy by the surgeon. In addition, simulation training might be effective at improving the operators’ comfort level with these different devices for difficult intubation.

NOTES

The authors have no potential conflicts of interest.

Acknowledgments

This study was supported by an Inha University Grant.

Table 1.

Demographics of study population

	n	%
Age groups
25-34	98	45
35-44	68	31
45-54	42	19
55-64	8	4
Over 65	2	1
Sex
M	133	62
F	83	38
Practice status
Staffs^*	116	54
0-4 yr	28	13
5-9 yr	30	14
10-19 yr	32	15
Over 20 yr	26	12
Residents	100	46
Type of practice
Teaching hospital	206	95
Community hospital	10	5

n = 218, 3 respondents did not complete demographic questions.

^*Staffs were grouped by experience year in hospital.

Table 2.

First and second choice of alternative devices for a difficult intubation

Device	First choice	Second choice
Videolaryngoscope	113 (51.8)	36 (16.5)
Optical stylet	50 (22.9)	55 (25.2)
Intubating laryngeal mask airway	25 (11.5)	51 (23.4)
Fiberoptic bronchoscope	23 (10.6)	61 (28.0)
Others^*	7 (3.2)	4 (1.8)

Values are presented as n (%).

11 respondents did not complete second choice of alternative devices.

^*Others were free text entries, including flexible tip (McCoy^®, Penlon, Minnesota, MN, USA), dental mirror, and nurse assisted intubating stylet.

Table 3.

Percentage having experience on patient and mannequin, and comfort with alternative devices by practice level

Device	Experience (%)			Proportion of comfort (%)
Device	Overall	Resident	Staff	Overall	Resident	Staff
Awake FOB intubation	60.1 (48.6)^*	40.0^†	77.6	13.6	6.0^†	16.4
Asleep FOB intubation	(69.4)^*	60.0^†	91.4	48.5	34.0^†	53.4
ILMA	80.3 (73.6)^*	79.0	81.9	78.0	74.0	69.8
Videolaryngoscope	88.5 (83.8)^*	88.0	88.8	92.8	88.0	87.9
Optical stylet	88.5 (86.6)^*	86.0	90.5	82.2	73.0	82.8
Retrograde wire set	28.4 (11.6)^*	25.0	31.0	7.5	5.0	6.0

Two respondents did not complete practice status.

FOB: fiberoptic bronchoscope; ILMA: intubating laryngeal mask airway.

^*The number in parenthesis means that they have experienced on patients only.

^†Statistically significant (Chi-square, p < 0.05) between resident and staff.

Table 4.

First and second choice of alternative devices for a CICV

Device	First choice	Second choice
CT by IV catheter method	125 (57.3)	16 (7.4)
CT by wire-guided method	41 (18.8)	52 (24.1)
CT by scalpel open surgical method	5 (2.3)	15 (6.9)
CT by scalpel bougie method	6 (2.8)	9 (4.2)
Tracheostomy by surgeon	41 (18.8)	100 (46.2)

Values are presented as n (%).

26 respondents did not complete second choice of alternative devices.

CT: cricothyroidotomy; CICV: cannot intubate, cannot ventilate.

Table 5.

Percentage having experience with infraglottic airway techniques on mannequins and patients, and comfort with infraglottic airway devices among residents and staffs

Device	Experience (%)		Proportion of comfort (%)
Device	Patient	Mannequin	Overall	Resident	Staff
CT by IV catheter method	9.3	39.3	30.6	25.0	33.6
CT by wire-guided method	4.6	37.5	24.1	30.0	19.0
CT by scalpel open surgical method	1.4	16.2	6.0	7.0	4.3
CT by scalpel bougie method	0.9	20.0	7.9	4.0	10.3
Tracheostomy	8.3	14.8	5.6	4.0	6.9

No statistically significant between resident and staff on proportion of comfort.

CT: cricothyroidotomy; IV: intravenous.

REFERENCES

1. Apfelbaum JL, Hagberg CA, Caplan RA, Blitt CD, Connis RT, Nickinovich DG, et al. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Management of the Difficult Airway. Practice guidelines for management of the difficult airway: an updated report by the american society of anesthesiologists task force on management of the difficult airway. Anesthesiology 2013;118:251-70.Article PubMed
2. Reynolds SF, Heffner J. Airway management of the critically ill patient: rapid-sequence intubation. Chest 2005;127:1397-412.Article PubMed
3. Law JA, Broemling N, Cooper RM, Drolet P, Duggan LV, Griesdale DE, et al. The difficult airway with recommendations for management--part 1--difficult tracheal intubation encountered in an unconscious/induced patient. Can J Anaesth 2013;60:1089-118.Article PubMed PMC
4. Sellers WF. A response to ‘difficult airway society guidelines for management of the unanticipated difficult intubation’, Henderson JJ, Popat MT, Latto IP and Pearce AC, Anaesthesia 2004; 59: 675-94. Anaesthesia 2004;59:1152. Article
5. Wong DT, Lai K, Chung FF, Ho RY. Cannot intubate-cannot ventilate and difficult intubation strategies: results of a Canadian national survey. Anesth Analg 2005;100:1439-46.Article PubMed
6. Wong DT, Mehta A, Tam AD, Yau B, Wong J. A survey of Canadian anesthesiologists’ preferences in difficult intubation and “cannot intubate, cannot ventilate” situations. Can J Anaesth 2014;61:717-26.Article PubMed
7. Aziz MF, Dillman D, Fu R, Brambrink AM. Comparative effectiveness of the C-MAC video laryngoscope versus direct laryngoscopy in the setting of the predicted difficult airway. Anesthesiology 2012;116:629-36.Article PubMed
8. Phua DS, Mah CL, Wang CF. The Shikani optical stylet as an alternative to the GlideScope® videolaryngoscope in simulated difficult intubations--a randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia 2012;67:402-6.Article PubMed
9. Wahidi MM, Silvestri GA, Coakley RD, Ferguson JS, Shepherd RW, Moses L, et al. A prospective multicenter study of competency metrics and educational interventions in the learning of bronchoscopy among new pulmonary fellows. Chest 2010;137:1040-9.Article PubMed
10. Graeser K, Konge L, Kristensen MS, Ulrich AG, Hornbech K, Ringsted C. Airway management in a bronchoscopic simulator based setting: an observational study. Eur J Anaesthesiol 2014;31:125-30.Article PubMed
11. Crawford SW, Colt HG. Virtual reality and written assessments are of potential value to determine knowledge and skill in flexible bronchoscopy. Respiration 2004;71:269-75.Article PubMed
12. Gaufberg SV, Workman TP. New needle cricothyroidotomy setup. Am J Emerg Med 2004;22:37-9.Article PubMed
13. Cook TM, Woodall N, Frerk C; Fourth National Audit Project. Major complications of airway management in the UK: results of the Fourth National Audit Project of the Royal College of Anaesthetists and the Difficult Airway Society. Part 1: anaesthesia. Br J Anaesth 2011;106:617-31.Article PubMed
14. Cooper RM. Complications associated with the use of the GlideScope videolaryngoscope. Can J Anaesth 2007;54:54-7.Article PubMed
15. Jayaraman V, Feeney JM, Brautigam RT, Burns KJ, Jacobs LM. The use of simulation procedural training to improve self-efficacy, knowledge, and skill to perform cricothyroidotomy. Am Surg 2014;80:377-81.Article PubMed

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Current practice pattern among anaesthesiologists for difficult airway management: A nationwide cross-sectional survey
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Indian Journal of Anaesthesia.2023; 67(9): 809. CrossRef
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The Korean Journal of Critical Care Medicine.2017; 32(2): 225. CrossRef

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A Pilot Survey of Difficult Intubation and Cannot Intubate, Cannot Ventilate Situations in Korea

Korean J Crit Care Med. 2016;31(3):202-207. Published online August 30, 2016

DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2016.00297

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A Pilot Survey of Difficult Intubation and Cannot Intubate, Cannot Ventilate Situations in Korea

	n	%
Age groups
25-34	98	45
35-44	68	31
45-54	42	19
55-64	8	4
Over 65	2	1
Sex
M	133	62
F	83	38
Practice status
Staffs^*	116	54
0-4 yr	28	13
5-9 yr	30	14
10-19 yr	32	15
Over 20 yr	26	12
Residents	100	46
Type of practice
Teaching hospital	206	95
Community hospital	10	5

Device	First choice	Second choice
Videolaryngoscope	113 (51.8)	36 (16.5)
Optical stylet	50 (22.9)	55 (25.2)
Intubating laryngeal mask airway	25 (11.5)	51 (23.4)
Fiberoptic bronchoscope	23 (10.6)	61 (28.0)
Others^*	7 (3.2)	4 (1.8)

Device	Experience (%)			Proportion of comfort (%)
Device	Overall	Resident	Staff	Overall	Resident	Staff
Awake FOB intubation	60.1 (48.6)^*	40.0^†	77.6	13.6	6.0^†	16.4
Asleep FOB intubation	(69.4)^*	60.0^†	91.4	48.5	34.0^†	53.4
ILMA	80.3 (73.6)^*	79.0	81.9	78.0	74.0	69.8
Videolaryngoscope	88.5 (83.8)^*	88.0	88.8	92.8	88.0	87.9
Optical stylet	88.5 (86.6)^*	86.0	90.5	82.2	73.0	82.8
Retrograde wire set	28.4 (11.6)^*	25.0	31.0	7.5	5.0	6.0

Device	First choice	Second choice
CT by IV catheter method	125 (57.3)	16 (7.4)
CT by wire-guided method	41 (18.8)	52 (24.1)
CT by scalpel open surgical method	5 (2.3)	15 (6.9)
CT by scalpel bougie method	6 (2.8)	9 (4.2)
Tracheostomy by surgeon	41 (18.8)	100 (46.2)

Device	Experience (%)		Proportion of comfort (%)
Device	Patient	Mannequin	Overall	Resident	Staff
CT by IV catheter method	9.3	39.3	30.6	25.0	33.6
CT by wire-guided method	4.6	37.5	24.1	30.0	19.0
CT by scalpel open surgical method	1.4	16.2	6.0	7.0	4.3
CT by scalpel bougie method	0.9	20.0	7.9	4.0	10.3
Tracheostomy	8.3	14.8	5.6	4.0	6.9

Table 1. Demographics of study population

n = 218, 3 respondents did not complete demographic questions.

Staffs were grouped by experience year in hospital.

Table 2. First and second choice of alternative devices for a difficult intubation

Values are presented as n (%).

11 respondents did not complete second choice of alternative devices.

Others were free text entries, including flexible tip (McCoy^®, Penlon, Minnesota, MN, USA), dental mirror, and nurse assisted intubating stylet.

Table 3. Percentage having experience on patient and mannequin, and comfort with alternative devices by practice level

Two respondents did not complete practice status.

FOB: fiberoptic bronchoscope; ILMA: intubating laryngeal mask airway.

The number in parenthesis means that they have experienced on patients only.

†

Statistically significant (Chi-square, p < 0.05) between resident and staff.

Table 4. First and second choice of alternative devices for a CICV

Values are presented as n (%).

26 respondents did not complete second choice of alternative devices.

CT: cricothyroidotomy; CICV: cannot intubate, cannot ventilate.

Table 5. Percentage having experience with infraglottic airway techniques on mannequins and patients, and comfort with infraglottic airway devices among residents and staffs

No statistically significant between resident and staff on proportion of comfort.