Lung ultrasound is based on the analysis of ultrasound artifacts generated by the pleura and air within the lungs. In recent years, lung ultrasound has emerged as an important alternative for quick evaluation of the patient at the bedside. Several techniques and protocols for performing lung ultrasound have been described in the literature, with the most popular one being the Bedside Lung Ultrasound in Emergency (BLUE) protocol which can be utilized to diagnose the cause of acute dyspnea at the bedside. We attempt to provide a simplified approach to understanding the physics behind the artifacts used in lung ultrasound, the imaging techniques, and the application of the BLUE protocol to diagnose the commonly presenting causes of acute dyspnea.
Lung ultrasound is based on the analysis of ultrasound artifacts generated by the pleura and air within the lungs. In recent years, lung ultrasound has emerged as an important alternative for quick evaluation of the patient at the bedside. Several techniques and protocols for performing lung ultrasound have been described in the literature, with the most popular one being the Bedside Lung Ultrasound in Emergency (BLUE) protocol which can be utilized to diagnose the cause of acute dyspnea at the bedside. We attempt to provide a simplified approach to understanding the physics behind the artifacts used in lung ultrasound, the imaging techniques, and the application of the BLUE protocol to diagnose the commonly presenting causes of acute dyspnea.
Lung ultrasound is based on the analysis of ultrasound artifacts generated by the pleura and air within the lungs. In recent years, lung ultrasound has emerged as an important alternative for quick evaluation of the patient at the bedside. Several techniques and protocols for performing lung ultrasound have been described in the literature, with the most popular one being the Bedside Lung Ultrasound in Emergency (BLUE) protocol which can be utilized to diagnose the cause of acute dyspnea at the bedside. We attempt to provide a simplified approach to understanding the physics behind the artifacts used in lung ultrasound, the imaging techniques, and the application of the BLUE protocol to diagnose the commonly presenting causes of acute dyspnea.
Lung ultrasound is based on the analysis of ultrasound artifacts generated by the pleura and air within the lungs. In recent years, lung ultrasound has emerged as an important alternative for quick evaluation of the patient at the bedside. Several techniques and protocols for performing lung ultrasound have been described in the literature, with the most popular one being the Bedside Lung Ultrasound in Emergency (BLUE) protocol which can be utilized to diagnose the cause of acute dyspnea at the bedside. We attempt to provide a simplified approach to understanding the physics behind the artifacts used in lung ultrasound, the imaging techniques, and the application of the BLUE protocol to diagnose the commonly presenting causes of acute dyspnea.
Lung ultrasound is based on the analysis of ultrasound artifacts generated by the pleura and air within the lungs. In recent years, lung ultrasound has emerged as an important alternative for quick evaluation of the patient at the bedside. Several techniques and protocols for performing lung ultrasound have been described in the literature, with the most popular one being the Bedside Lung Ultrasound in Emergency (BLUE) protocol which can be utilized to diagnose the cause of acute dyspnea at the bedside. We attempt to provide a simplified approach to understanding the physics behind the artifacts used in lung ultrasound, the imaging techniques, and the application of the BLUE protocol to diagnose the commonly presenting causes of acute dyspnea.
Differential diagnosis of chest pain in the pediatric population is important but can be challenging. A 12-year-old boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy presented with chest pain, cardiac enzyme elevation, and convex ST elevations in the inferior leads with reciprocal ST depression in the anterior leads on electrocardiogram. Echocardiography on admission revealed normal left ventricular function. Suspecting acute myocardial infarction, we performed invasive coronary angiography, which revealed normal coronary arteries. A follow-up electrocardiogram showed an acute pericarditis pattern with concave ST elevations in most leads and PR depression, and follow-up echocardiography revealed global left ventricular dysfunction, suggestive of acute perimyocarditis. Ibuprofen was administered for acute pericarditis, and a continuous milrinone infusion was commenced for myocardial dysfunction. The chest pain improved by the next day, and the ST segment elevations normalized on day 4. Echocardiography on day 9 revealed improved left ventricular function. The patient was discharged on day 11, and he is doing well without chest pain through 12 months of follow-up. The last electrocardiogram showed normal sinus rhythm without ST change. Differential diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and acute perimyocarditis is important for proper treatment strategies and the different prognoses of these two conditions.
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Successful treatment of acute myocardial injury of Duchenne muscular dystrophy with steroids: a case report Merve Oğuz, Dolunay Gürses, Furkan Ufuk, Münevver Yılmaz, Olcay Güngör Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Comprehensive cardiac magnetic resonance T1, T2, and extracellular volume mapping to define Duchenne cardiomyopathy Sudeep D. Sunthankar, Kristen George-Durrett, Kimberly Crum, James C. Slaughter, Jennifer Kasten, Frank J. Raucci, Larry W. Markham, Jonathan H. Soslow Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Differential diagnosis of chest pain in the pediatric population is important but can be challenging. A 12-year-old boy with Duchenne muscular dystrophy presented with chest pain, cardiac enzyme elevation, and convex ST elevations in the inferior leads with reciprocal ST depression in the anterior leads on electrocardiogram. Echocardiography on admission revealed normal left ventricular function. Suspecting acute myocardial infarction, we performed invasive coronary angiography, which revealed normal coronary arteries. A follow-up electrocardiogram showed an acute pericarditis pattern with concave ST elevations in most leads and PR depression, and follow-up echocardiography revealed global left ventricular dysfunction, suggestive of acute perimyocarditis. Ibuprofen was administered for acute pericarditis, and a continuous milrinone infusion was commenced for myocardial dysfunction. The chest pain improved by the next day, and the ST segment elevations normalized on day 4. Echocardiography on day 9 revealed improved left ventricular function. The patient was discharged on day 11, and he is doing well without chest pain through 12 months of follow-up. The last electrocardiogram showed normal sinus rhythm without ST change. Differential diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and acute perimyocarditis is important for proper treatment strategies and the different prognoses of these two conditions.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Successful treatment of acute myocardial injury of Duchenne muscular dystrophy with steroids: a case report Merve Oğuz, Dolunay Gürses, Furkan Ufuk, Münevver Yılmaz, Olcay Güngör Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Comprehensive cardiac magnetic resonance T1, T2, and extracellular volume mapping to define Duchenne cardiomyopathy Sudeep D. Sunthankar, Kristen George-Durrett, Kimberly Crum, James C. Slaughter, Jennifer Kasten, Frank J. Raucci, Larry W. Markham, Jonathan H. Soslow Journal of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Determining Obstruction in Endotracheal Tubes Using Physical Respiratory Signals Hyunkyoo Kang, Jin-Kyung Park, Jinsu An, Jeong-Han Yi, Hyung-Sik Kim Applied Sciences.2023; 13(7): 4183. CrossRef
Background Despite the importance of microcirculation in organ function, monitoring microcirculation is not a routine practice. With developments in microscopic technology, incident dark field (IDF) microscopy (Cytocam) has allowed visualization of the microcirculation. Dorsal skinfold chamber (DSC) mouse model has been used to investigate microcirculation physiology. By employing Cytocam-IDF imaging with DSC model to assess microcirculatory alteration in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia, we attempted to validate availability of Cytocam-IDF imaging of microcirculation.
Methods DSC was implanted in eight BALB/c mice for each group; control and sepsis. Both groups were given 72 hours to recover from surgery. The sepsis group had an additional 24-hour period of recovery post-LPS injection (4 mg/kg). Subsequently, a video of the microcirculation was recorded using Cytocam. Data on microcirculatory variables were obtained. Electron microscopy was implemented using lanthanum fixation to detect endothelial glycocalyx degradation.
Results The microcirculatory flow index was significantly lower (control, 2.8±0.3; sepsis, 2.1±0.8; P=0.033) and heterogeneity index was considerably higher (control, 0.10±0.15; sepsis, 0.53±0.48; P=0.044) in the sepsis group than in the control group. Electron microscopy revealed glycocalyx demolishment in the sepsis group.
Conclusions Cytocam showed reliable ability for observing changes in the microcirculation under septic conditions in the DSC model. The convenience and good imaging quality and the automatic analysis software available for Cytocam-IDF imaging, along with the ability to perform real-time in vivo experiments in the DSC model, are expected to be helpful in future microcirculation investigations.
Background Despite the importance of microcirculation in organ function, monitoring microcirculation is not a routine practice. With developments in microscopic technology, incident dark field (IDF) microscopy (Cytocam) has allowed visualization of the microcirculation. Dorsal skinfold chamber (DSC) mouse model has been used to investigate microcirculation physiology. By employing Cytocam-IDF imaging with DSC model to assess microcirculatory alteration in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endotoxemia, we attempted to validate availability of Cytocam-IDF imaging of microcirculation.
Methods DSC was implanted in eight BALB/c mice for each group; control and sepsis. Both groups were given 72 hours to recover from surgery. The sepsis group had an additional 24-hour period of recovery post-LPS injection (4 mg/kg). Subsequently, a video of the microcirculation was recorded using Cytocam. Data on microcirculatory variables were obtained. Electron microscopy was implemented using lanthanum fixation to detect endothelial glycocalyx degradation.
Results The microcirculatory flow index was significantly lower (control, 2.8±0.3; sepsis, 2.1±0.8; P=0.033) and heterogeneity index was considerably higher (control, 0.10±0.15; sepsis, 0.53±0.48; P=0.044) in the sepsis group than in the control group. Electron microscopy revealed glycocalyx demolishment in the sepsis group.
Conclusions Cytocam showed reliable ability for observing changes in the microcirculation under septic conditions in the DSC model. The convenience and good imaging quality and the automatic analysis software available for Cytocam-IDF imaging, along with the ability to perform real-time in vivo experiments in the DSC model, are expected to be helpful in future microcirculation investigations.
There has been no report about aortic dissection due to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). We present here a case of acute aortic dissection as a rare complication of CPR and propose the potential mechanism of injury on the basis of transesophageal echocardiographic observations. A 54-year-old man presented with cardiac arrest after choking and received 19 minutes of CPR in the emergency department. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) during CPR revealed a focal separation of the intimal layer at the descending thoracic aorta without evidence of aortic dissection. After restoration of spontaneous circulation, hemorrhagic cardiac tamponade developed. Follow-up TEE to investigate the cause of cardiac tamponade revealed aortic dissection of the descending thoracic aorta. Hemorrhagic cardiac tamponade was thought to be caused by myocardial hemorrhage from CPR.
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Thoracic Aortic Rupture Post Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in a Patient With Previous Thoracic Aneurysm Repair Aniekeme S Etuk, Olanrewaju F Adeniran , Bernard I Nkwocha, Nformbuh Asangmbeng, Mina Jacob Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Cardiac Arrest as an Uncommon Manifestation of Late Type A Aortic Dissection Associated with Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Jan Naar, Dagmar Vondrakova, Andreas Kruger, Marek Janotka, Iva Zemanova, Martin Syrucek, Petr Neuzil, Petr Ostadal Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(16): 5318. CrossRef
Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injury and Contemporary Management Strategy Ranjan Dahal, Yogesh Acharya, Alan H. Tyroch, Debabrata Mukherjee Angiology.2022; 73(6): 497. CrossRef
Resuscitative endovascular occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) as a mechanical method for increasing the coronary perfusion pressure in non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients Dong-Hyun Jang, Dong Keon Lee, You Hwan Jo, Seung Min Park, Young Taeck Oh, Chang Woo Im Resuscitation.2022; 179: 277. CrossRef
Blunt traumatic aortic dissection death by falling: an autopsy case report Gentaro Yamasaki, Marie Sugimoto, Takeshi Kondo, Motonori Takahashi, Mai Morichika, Azumi Kuse, Kanako Nakagawa, Yasuhiro Ueno, Migiwa Asano Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology.2022; 19(3): 388. CrossRef
Intra-arrest transesophageal echocardiography during cardiopulmonary resuscitation Sung Oh Hwang, Woo Jin Jung, Young-Il Roh, Kyoung-Chul Cha Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine.2022; 9(4): 271. CrossRef
Intra-arrest transoesophageal echocardiographic findings and resuscitation outcomes Woo Jin Jung, Kyoung-Chul Cha, Yong Won Kim, Yoon Seop Kim, Young-Il Roh, Sun Ju Kim, Hye Sim Kim, Sung Oh Hwang Resuscitation.2020; 154: 31. CrossRef
Aortic Rupture as a Complication of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Prashanth Venkatesh, Edward J. Schenck JACC: Case Reports.2020; 2(8): 1150. CrossRef
There has been no report about aortic dissection due to cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). We present here a case of acute aortic dissection as a rare complication of CPR and propose the potential mechanism of injury on the basis of transesophageal echocardiographic observations. A 54-year-old man presented with cardiac arrest after choking and received 19 minutes of CPR in the emergency department. Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) during CPR revealed a focal separation of the intimal layer at the descending thoracic aorta without evidence of aortic dissection. After restoration of spontaneous circulation, hemorrhagic cardiac tamponade developed. Follow-up TEE to investigate the cause of cardiac tamponade revealed aortic dissection of the descending thoracic aorta. Hemorrhagic cardiac tamponade was thought to be caused by myocardial hemorrhage from CPR.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Thoracic Aortic Rupture Post Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in a Patient With Previous Thoracic Aneurysm Repair Aniekeme S Etuk, Olanrewaju F Adeniran , Bernard I Nkwocha, Nformbuh Asangmbeng, Mina Jacob Cureus.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Cardiac Arrest as an Uncommon Manifestation of Late Type A Aortic Dissection Associated with Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement Jan Naar, Dagmar Vondrakova, Andreas Kruger, Marek Janotka, Iva Zemanova, Martin Syrucek, Petr Neuzil, Petr Ostadal Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(16): 5318. CrossRef
Blunt Thoracic Aortic Injury and Contemporary Management Strategy Ranjan Dahal, Yogesh Acharya, Alan H. Tyroch, Debabrata Mukherjee Angiology.2022; 73(6): 497. CrossRef
Resuscitative endovascular occlusion of the aorta (REBOA) as a mechanical method for increasing the coronary perfusion pressure in non-traumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest patients Dong-Hyun Jang, Dong Keon Lee, You Hwan Jo, Seung Min Park, Young Taeck Oh, Chang Woo Im Resuscitation.2022; 179: 277. CrossRef
Blunt traumatic aortic dissection death by falling: an autopsy case report Gentaro Yamasaki, Marie Sugimoto, Takeshi Kondo, Motonori Takahashi, Mai Morichika, Azumi Kuse, Kanako Nakagawa, Yasuhiro Ueno, Migiwa Asano Forensic Science, Medicine and Pathology.2022; 19(3): 388. CrossRef
Intra-arrest transesophageal echocardiography during cardiopulmonary resuscitation Sung Oh Hwang, Woo Jin Jung, Young-Il Roh, Kyoung-Chul Cha Clinical and Experimental Emergency Medicine.2022; 9(4): 271. CrossRef
Intra-arrest transoesophageal echocardiographic findings and resuscitation outcomes Woo Jin Jung, Kyoung-Chul Cha, Yong Won Kim, Yoon Seop Kim, Young-Il Roh, Sun Ju Kim, Hye Sim Kim, Sung Oh Hwang Resuscitation.2020; 154: 31. CrossRef
Aortic Rupture as a Complication of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Prashanth Venkatesh, Edward J. Schenck JACC: Case Reports.2020; 2(8): 1150. CrossRef