Delirium is an acute, confusional state characterized by altered consciousness and a reduced ability to focus, sustain, or shift attention. It is associated with a number of complex underlying medical conditions and can be difficult to recognize. Many critically ill patients (e.g., up to 80% of patients in the intensive care unit [ICU]) experience delirium due to underlying medical or surgical health problems, recent surgical or other invasive procedures, medications, or various noxious stimuli (e.g., underlying psychological stressors, mechanical ventilation, noise, light, patient care interactions, and drug-induced sleep disruption or deprivation). Delirium is associated with a longer duration of mechanical ventilation and ICU admittance as well as an increased risk of death, disability, and long-term cognitive dysfunction. Therefore, the early recognition of delirium is important and ICU medical staff should devote careful attention to both watching for the occurrence of delirium and its prevention and management. This review presents a brief overview of delirium and an update of the literature with reference to the 2018 Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Prevention and Management of Pain, Agitation/Sedation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption in Adult Patients in the ICU.
Citations
Citations to this article as recorded by
Incidence, characteristics and risk factors of delirium in the intensive care unit: An observational study Öznur Erbay Dalli, Nermin Kelebek Girgin, Ferda Kahveci Journal of Clinical Nursing.2023; 32(1-2): 96. CrossRef
Sustained adherence to a delirium guideline five years after implementation in an intensive care setting: A retrospective cohort study Marlies van Bochove-Waardenburg, Mathieu van der Jagt, Janneke de Man-van Ginkel, Erwin Ista Intensive and Critical Care Nursing.2023; 76: 103398. CrossRef
Impact of critical care pharmacist‐led interventions on pain, agitation, and delirium in mechanically ventilated adults: A systematic review Mitchell S. Buckley, Russel J. Roberts, Melanie J. Yerondopoulos, Audrey K. Bushway, Grace C. Korkames, Sandra L. Kane‐Gill JACCP: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN COLLEGE OF CLINICAL PHARMACY.2023; 6(9): 1041. CrossRef
Delirium in the intensive care unit: a narrative review Stefania Renzi, Nicola Gitti, Simone Piva Journal of Gerontology and Geriatrics.2023; 71(1): 22. CrossRef
Delirio y su relación con la supervivencia en pacientes geriátricos con neumonía grave por SARS-CoV-2 en un hospital de tercer nivel de atención en México Cynthia Daniela Bazán Acevedo, Edgar Fernández Muñoz, Netzahualcóyotl González Pérez, Lilia López Carrillo Medicina Crítica.2023; 37(1): 35. CrossRef
Effect of using eye masks and earplugs in preventing delirium in intensive care patients: A single‐blinded, randomized, controlled trial Gülşen Kiliç, Sultan Kav Nursing in Critical Care.2023; 28(5): 698. CrossRef
Yoğun Bakım Deliryumunun Erken Tespitinde Rekalibre PRE-DELIRIC Modelinin Prospektif Değerlendirilmesi Öznur ERBAY DALLI, Gülbahar ÇALIŞKAN, Yasemin YILDIRIM, Nermin KELEBEK GİRGİN Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi.2023; 49(1): 55. CrossRef
Still WALKing-FOR: 2-year sustainability of the ‘WALK FOR’ intervention Efrat Gil, Anna Zisberg, Efrat Shadmi, Nurit Gur-Yaish, Ksenya Shulyaev, Yehudith Chayat, Maayan Agmon Age and Ageing.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Optimization of Care for the Elderly Surgical Emergency Patient Rachel Lynne Warner, Nadia Iwanyshyn, Donald Johnson, David J. Skarupa Surgical Clinics of North America.2023; 103(6): 1253. CrossRef
Identification and Best Practice Management of Comorbid Geri-Psych Conditions in Critical Care Noel Koller-Ditto Critical Care Nursing Clinics of North America.2023; 35(4): 481. CrossRef
Inclusion of frailty improved performance of delirium prediction for elderly patients in the cardiac intensive care unit (D-FRAIL): A prospective derivation and external validation study Rongrong Guo, Shan Zhang, Saiying Yu, Xiangyu Li, Xinju Liu, Yanling Shen, Jinling Wei, Ying Wu International Journal of Nursing Studies.2023; 147: 104582. CrossRef
Motion Detectors as Additional Monitoring Devices in the Intensive Care Unit—A Proof-of-Concept Study Gülmisal Güder, Eva von Rein, Thomas Flohr, Dirk Weismann, Dominik Schmitt, Stefan Störk, Stefan Frantz, Vincent Kratzer, Christian Kendi Applied Sciences.2023; 13(16): 9319. CrossRef
Analytical Review of Unplanned Extubation in Intensive Care Units and Recommendation on Multidisciplinary Preventive Approaches Antonious Anis, Ravi Patel, Maged A Tanios Journal of Intensive Care Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
The risk factors of postoperative cognitive dysfunction in patients undergoing carotid endarterectomy: an updated meta-analysis Jinhua He, Ran Duan, Peng Qiu, Huanhuan Zhang, Meng Zhang, Meinv Liu, Xiaoqian Wu, Jianli Li Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Sedation for Patients with Sepsis: Towards a Personalised Approach José Miguel Marcos-Vidal, Rafael González, María Merino, Eva Higuera, Cristina García Journal of Personalized Medicine.2023; 13(12): 1641. CrossRef
Le delirium, un syndrome mal connu Jean-Pierre Bénézech La Revue de l'Infirmière.2022; 71(277): 42. CrossRef
Associations of Smoking With Delirium and Opioid Use in Older Adults With Traumatic Hip Fracture Kristin Salottolo, Richard Meinig, Landon Fine, Michael Kelly, Robert Madayag, Francie Ekengren, Allen Tanner, David Bar-Or JAAOS: Global Research and Reviews.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
O papel do enfermeiro na prevenção do delirium no paciente adulto/idoso crítico Cláudia Oliveira, Cátia Filipa Garnacho Martins Nobre, Rita Margarida Dourado Marques, Maria Manuela Madureira Lebre Mendes, Patrícia Cruz Pontífice Sousa Revista Cuidarte.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Predictors of sedation period for critical illness patients focusing on early rehabilitation on the bed Yosuke Morimoto, Tsubasa Watanabe, Masato Oikawa, Masatoshi Hanada, Motohiro Sekino, Tetsuya Hara, Ryo Kozu Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The Age-adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index predicts post-operative delirium in the elderly following thoracic and abdominal surgery: A prospective observational cohort study Jing Liu, Jianli Li, Jinhua He, Huanhuan Zhang, Meinv Liu, Junfang Rong Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
The Effects of Pain, Agitation, Delirium, Immobility, and Sleep Disruption Education on Novice Nurses in Adult Intensive Care Units Szu-Ying Lee, Chieh-Yu Liu, Te-Yu Wu Healthcare.2022; 10(8): 1538. CrossRef
Pain Assessment with the BPS and CCPOT Behavioral Pain Scales in Mechanically Ventilated Patients Requiring Analgesia and Sedation Katarzyna Wojnar-Gruszka, Aurelia Sega, Lucyna Płaszewska-Żywko, Stanisław Wojtan, Marcelina Potocka, Maria Kózka International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(17): 10894. CrossRef
Item analysis of the Korean version of the Intensive Care Experience Questionnaire: Using the Rasch Model based on Item Response Theory Jiyeon Kang, Minhui Kim Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing.2022; 15(3): 37. CrossRef
Complex Hallucinations in Hospitalized Rehabilitation Patients With COVID-19 Mari Tobita, Shan-Pin Fanchiang, Aida Saldivar, Sarah Taylor, Barry Jordan Archives of Rehabilitation Research and Clinical Translation.2022; 4(4): 100234. CrossRef
Effects of uncomfortable care and histamine H2-antagonists on delirium in acute stroke: A propensity score analysis Tomoki Nakamizo, Toshie Kanda, Yosuke Kudo, Eriko Sugawara, Erina Hashimoto, Ayana Okazaki, Makoto Usuda, Toru Nagai, Hiroshi Hara, Ken Johkura Journal of the Neurological Sciences.2021; 420: 117251. CrossRef
Critical Care Considerations for Damage Control in a Trauma Patient Shannon Gaasch AACN Advanced Critical Care.2021; 32(1): 64. CrossRef
Development and Validation of a Clinical Prediction Model for Sleep Disorders in the ICU: A Retrospective Cohort Study Yun Li, Lina Zhao, Chenyi Yang, Zhiqiang Yu, Jiannan Song, Qi Zhou, Xizhe Zhang, Jie Gao, Qiang Wang, Haiyun Wang Frontiers in Neuroscience.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Delirium and Associated Length of Stay and Costs in Critically Ill Patients Claudia Dziegielewski, Charlenn Skead, Toros Canturk, Colleen Webber, Shannon M. Fernando, Laura H. Thompson, Madison Foster, Vanja Ristovic, Peter G. Lawlor, Dipayan Chaudhuri, Chintan Dave, Brent Herritt, Shirley H. Bush, Salmaan Kanji, Peter Tanuseputr Critical Care Research and Practice.2021; 2021: 1. CrossRef
Effects of a simulation‐based education programme on delirium care for critical care nurses: A randomized controlled trial Mu‐Hsing Ho, Lee‐Fen Yu, Pu‐Hung Lin, Hui‐Chen (Rita) Chang, Victoria Traynor, Wen‐Cheng Huang, Jed Montayre, Kee‐Hsin Chen Journal of Advanced Nursing.2021; 77(8): 3483. CrossRef
A Note on Common Apathy versus Hypoactive Delirium in Critical Illness Jan N. M. Schieveld, Jacqueline J. M. H. Strik American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine.2021; 203(7): 921. CrossRef
Effect of Sedatives on In-hospital and Long-term Mortality of Critically Ill Patients Requiring Extended Mechanical Ventilation for ≥ 48 Hours Hannah Lee, Seongmi Choi, Eun Jin Jang, Juhee Lee, Dalho Kim, Seokha Yoo, Seung-Young Oh, Ho Geol Ryu Journal of Korean Medical Science.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Improving delirium detection in intensive care units: Multicomponent education and training program Liron Sinvani, Cynthia Delle Site, Tara Laumenede, Vidhi Patel, Suzanne Ardito, Anum Ilyas, Craig Hertz, Gisele Wolf‐Klein, Renee Pekmezaris, Negin Hajizadeh, Lily Thomas Journal of the American Geriatrics Society.2021; 69(11): 3249. CrossRef
Delirium in Critical Illness Patients and the Potential Role of Thiamine Therapy in Prevention and Treatment: Findings from a Scoping Review with Implications for Evidence-Based Practice Sandra Lange, Wioletta Mędrzycka-Dąbrowska, Adriano Friganovic, Ber Oomen, Sabina Krupa International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2021; 18(16): 8809. CrossRef
The Impact of an Attending Intensivist on the Clinical Outcomes of Patients Admitted to the Cardiac Surgical Intensive Care Unit after Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting Dong Jung Kim, Bongyeon Sohn, Hakju Kim, Hyoung Woo Chang, Jae Hang Lee, Jun Sung Kim, Cheong Lim, Kay-Hyun Park The Korean Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery.2020; 53(1): 8. CrossRef
INCIDENCIA DE DELIRIO SEGÚN EL REGIMEN DE VISITAS EN UNA UNIDAD DE CUIDADOS INTENSIVOS Juan Carlos Muñoz Camargo Enfermería Intensiva.2020; 31(2): 94. CrossRef
Incidence of delirium according to the visiting regime in an intensive care unit J.C. Muñoz Camargo Enfermería Intensiva (English ed.).2020; 31(2): 94. CrossRef
The Diagnostic Accuracy of Critical Care Pain Observation Tool (CPOT) in ICU Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Yue Zhai, Shining Cai, Yuxia Zhang Journal of Pain and Symptom Management.2020; 60(4): 847. CrossRef
Neurologic Manifestations of Systemic Disease: Sleep Disorders Eric M. Davis, Chintan Ramani, Mark Quigg Current Treatment Options in Neurology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef