Acute and Critical Care

Original Articles

Epidemiology
Risk factors for hospital mortality in intensive care unit survivors: a retrospective cohort study: Luiza Gabriella Antonio e Silva, Claudia Maria Dantas de Maio Carrilho, Thalita Bento Talizin, Lucienne Tibery Queiroz Cardoso, Edson Lopes Lavado, Cintia Magalhães Carvalho Grion; Acute Crit Care. 2023;38(1):68-75. Published online February 27, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2022.01375

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Background
Deaths can occur after a patient has survived treatment for a serious illness in an intensive care unit (ICU). Mortality rates after leaving the ICU can be considered indicators of health care quality. This study aims to describe risk factors and mortality of surviving patients discharged from an ICU in a university hospital.
Methods
Retrospective cohort study carried out from January 2017 to December 2018. Data on age, sex, length of hospital stay, diagnosis on admission to the ICU, hospital discharge outcome, presence of infection, and Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) III prognostic score were collected. Infected patients were considered as those being treated for an infection on discharge from the ICU. Patients were divided into survivors and non-survivors on leaving the hospital. The association between the studied variables was performed using the logistic regression model.
Results
A total of 1,025 patients who survived hospitalization in the ICU were analyzed, of which 212 (20.7%) died after leaving the ICU. When separating the groups of survivors and non-survivors according to hospital outcome, the median age was higher among non-survivors. Longer hospital stays and higher SAPS III values were observed among non-survivors. In the logistic regression, the variables age, length of hospital stay, SAPS III, presence of infection, and readmission to the ICU were associated with hospital mortality.
Conclusions
Infection on ICU discharge, ICU readmission, age, length of hospital stay, and SAPS III increased risk of death in ICU survivors.

Citations

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Time-Varying Associations Between Selected Clinical Indicators And In-Hospital Mortality During The Early Period Of Critical Care
Maxwell Roth, Brian Healy, Crystal M. North, Kenneth Shelton, Lorenzo Berra, Julia Collins, Henry Paik, Patricia Brunker, Robert Makar, Walter Sunny Dzik
Anesthesia & Analgesia.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Applicability of SAPS 3 and APACHE II Scores in a Cardiac Intensive Care Unit: A Prospective Study
Rafael Petri Pinheiro, Leonardo Castro Luna, Vanessa dos Reis von Doellinger, Marcelo Goulart Correia, Bernardo Tura, Stephan Lachtermacher
International Journal of Cardiovascular Sciences.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
Feasibility challenges in protein supplementation research: Insights from the convalescence of functional outcomes after intensive care unit stay in a Randomised Controlled Trial
Michelle Carmen Paulus, Imre Willemijn Kehinde Kouw, Yente Florine Niké Boelens, Anoek Jacqueline Hubertine Hermans, Bert Strookappe, Arthur Raymond Hubert van Zanten
Clinical Nutrition.2025; 46: 119. CrossRef
Depression or anxiety and long-term mortality among adult survivors of intensive care unit: a population-based cohort study
Kyung Hun Yoo, Juncheol Lee, Jaehoon Oh, Nayeon Choi, Tae Ho Lim, Hyunggoo Kang, Byuk Sung Ko, Yongil Cho
Critical Care.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
The Quality Changes in Intensive Care Units in South Korea since the Initiation of Intensive Care Unit Quality Assessments
Su Hwan Lee, Sunghoon Park
Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases.2025; 88(3): 603. CrossRef
Physical and Cognitive Impairments at ICU Discharge are Associated with High Long-Term Mortality in ICU Survivors with Solid Malignancies: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Su Yeon Lee, Jin Won Huh, Sang-Bum Hong, Chae-Man Lim, Jee Hwan Ahn
Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management.2025; Volume 21: 1121. CrossRef
Noninvasive cardiac output monitoring in septic shock patients: A retrospective study on hemodynamic status and outcomes
Yu-Jang Su, Sheng-Teck Tan, Yasser Nassef
Medicine.2025; 104(34): e43990. CrossRef
End‐of‐Life Care Experiences, Attitudes and Perceptions of Intensive Care Clinicians in Middle Eastern Countries: A Systematic Integrative Review
Khalidah Mobarki, Ping Guo, Misbah Ismail Mobarki, Nikolaos Efstathiou
Nursing in Critical Care.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Analysis of the infectious agent’s structure and antibiotic resistance parameters in patients in intensive care units of a multidisciplinary hospital
O. I. Butranova, S. K. Zyryanov, A. A. Gorbacheva, G A. Putsman
Kachestvennaya Klinicheskaya Praktika = Good Clinical Practice.2024; (4): 4. CrossRef
Interpretability-based machine learning for predicting the risk of death from pulmonary inflammation in Chinese intensive care unit patients
Yihai Zhai, Danxiu Lan, Siying Lv, Liqin Mo
Frontiers in Medicine.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Escore para Avaliação de Prognóstico em Pacientes com Endocardite Infecciosa
Alfredo José Mansur
Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Infection
Risk factors associated with development of coinfection in critically Ill patients with COVID-19: Erica M. Orsini, Gretchen L. Sacha, Xiaozhen Han, Xiaofeng Wang, Abhijit Duggal, Prabalini Rajendram; Acute Crit Care. 2022;37(3):312-321. Published online August 29, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2022.00136

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Abstract PDF

Background
At outset of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the significance of bacterial and fungal coinfections in individuals with COVID-19 was unknown. Initial reports indicated that the prevalence of coinfection in the general population was low, but there was uncertainty regarding the risk of coinfection in critically ill patients.
Methods
Nine hundred critically ill adult patients with COVID-19 infection were enrolled in this observational case-control study. Patients with a coinfection (case) and patients without a coinfection (control) were compared using univariate and multivariable analyses. A subgroup analysis was performed on patients with coinfection, dividing them into early (infection within 7 days) and late (infection after 7 days) infection groups.
Results
Two hundred and thirty-three patients (25.9%) had a bacterial or fungal coinfection. Vasopressor use (P<0.001) and severity of illness (higher Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score, P=0.009) were risk factors for the development of a coinfection. Patients with coinfection had higher mortality and length of stay. Vasopressor and corticosteroid use and central line and foley catheter placement were risk factors for late infection (>7 days). There were high rates of drug-resistant infections.
Conclusions
Critically ill patients with COVID-19 are at risk for both community-acquired and hospital-acquired infections throughout their hospitalization for COVID-19. It is important to consider the development of a coinfection in clinically worsening critically ill patients with COVID-19 and consider the likelihood of drug-resistance when choosing an empiric regimen.

Citations

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The subsets of blood circulating T-cells associated with the development and prognosis of coinfection in patients with critical COVID-19
Xingming Li, Hongqiong Peng, Yunchuan Wang, Shiying He, Xueting Yang, Jiayue Chen
Frontiers in Immunology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
Bacterial and Fungal Coinfections in COVID-19 Inpatients at a Tertiary Hospital in Surabaya, Indonesia, from November 2020 to February 2022
Naura Ghina Shabira, Agung Dwi Wahyu Widodo, Musofa Rusli
Current Internal Medicine Research and Practice Surabaya Journal.2025; 6(1): 11. CrossRef
Prevalence and risk factors associated with multidrug-resistant bacteria in COVID-19 patients
Abdu Aldarhami, Ahmed A. Punjabi, Abdulrahman S. Bazaid, Naif K. Binsaleh, Omar W. Althomali, Subuhi Sherwani, Omar Hafiz, Ali A. Almishaal
Medicine.2024; 103(10): e37389. CrossRef
PROFILE OF PATIENTS DIAGNOSED WITH COVID-19 INFECTION: A SINGLE-CENTER RETROSPECTIVE STUDY
Julia Węgrzynek-Gallina, Joanna Pilśniak, Aleksandra Pilśniak, Agnieszka Jarosińska, Marta Pietrukaniec, Michał Holecki
Health Problems of Civilization.2024; 18(2): 180. CrossRef
Prevalence of secondary infections and association with mortality rates of hospitalized COVID-19 patients
Khalifa Binkhamis, Alanoud S. Alhaider, Ayah K. Sayed, Yara K. Almufleh, Ghadah A. Alarify, Norah Y. Alawlah
Annals of Saudi Medicine.2023; 43(4): 243. CrossRef
Blood Stream Infections in COVID-19 Patients From a Tertiary Care Center in Lebanon: Causative Pathogens and Rates of Multi-Drug Resistant Organisms
Sarah B. Nahhal, Johnny Zakhour, Abdel Hadi Shmoury, Tedy Sawma, Sara F. Haddad, Tamara Abdallah, Nada Kara Zahreddine, Joseph Tannous, Nisrine Haddad, Nesrine Rizk, Souha S. Kanj
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Review Article

Infection
Identification and infection control of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales in intensive care units: Jongyoun Yi, Kye-Hyung Kim; Acute Crit Care. 2021;36(3):175-184. Published online August 12, 2021; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2021.00409

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Abstract PDF

Infections with multidrug-resistant organisms among patients in intensive care units (ICUs) are associated with high mortality. Among multidrug-resistant organisms, carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) harbor important pathogens for healthcare-associated infections, including pneumonia, bacteremia, and urinary tract infections. Risk factors for CRE colonization include underlying comorbid conditions, prior antibiotics exposure, prior use of healthcare facilities, device use, and longer ICU stay. The mortality rate due to invasive CRE infection is 22%–49%, and CRE colonization is associated with an approximately 10-fold increased risk of CRE infection. Infection control measures include hand hygiene, contact precautions, minimizing the use of devices, and environmental control. Additionally, implementing active surveillance of CRE carriage should be considered in ICU settings.

Citations

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Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of colonization and infection with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae: A prospective cohort study in China
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Protocols for decolonisation of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales and vancomycin-resistant enterococci: a systematic review and meta-analysis
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Brooke K. Decker, Matthew O’Donnell
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Eby P. Shaji, Jyoti A. Iravane, Mangala S. Harbade, Anil A. Gaikwad
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Li Li, Changlin Yi, Zhenliang Wen, Xiaohong Cai, Peipei Jin
Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance.2025; 43: 327. CrossRef
Prevalence of carbapenemase genes in Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli isolated from intensive care unit patients in Iran: a systematic review (2014–2025)
Shahnaz Halimi, Maryam Siroosi
Molecular Biology Reports.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Shaozhen Chen, Jixin Fan, Tingting Xiao, Jinhua Ren, Haojie Zhu, Hui Kong, Dabing Chen, Jingjing Xu, Chenjing Ye, Jiaqi Sun, Caidong Hu, Xiaoyun Zheng, Jing Li, Xiaozhu Yang, Zhizhe Chen, Jianda Hu, Ting Yang
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Distribution and analysis of the resistance profiles of bacteria isolated from blood cultures in the intensive care unit
Zeshi Liu, Hehui Cai, Jing Lei, Xue Zhang, Jian Yin, Yanping Zhang, Xueping Yu, Yan Geng
Frontiers in Microbiology.2025;[Epub] CrossRef
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Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacterales in Indian ICU Patients: Molecular Insights, Risk Factors, and Clinical Impact
Mukesh Kumar Patwa, Sheetal Verma, Vimala Venkatesh, Saurabh Kashyap, Mohit, Zia Arshad
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Diagnostic performance of the direct stool Xpert Carba-R assay in active surveillance of carbapenemase-producing enterobacterales
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Spectrum, dose, and duration of antibiotic exposure and risk of intensive care unit–acquired carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria: a prospective cohort study
Zhihui Chen, Jing Wu, Xiangru Ye, Zhonghua Li, JingWang, Yueru Tian, Lei Zhou, Jie Ni, Jialin Jin, Wenhong Zhang
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Comparison of mortality rates in patients with carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales bacteremia according to carbapenemase production: a multicenter propensity-score matched study
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Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Investigation of Intestinal Colonization and Infection of Carbapenem Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Intensive Care Unit Patients and Analysis of Influencing Factors
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Risk factors of colonization and diversity of clinically significant carbapenemases in gut microbiota of ICU patients: a single-center prospective observational study
A.O. Bykov, E.M. Shifman, D.N. Protsenko, S.V. Yakovlev, B.Z. Belotserkovskiy, O.G. Ni, A.N. Kruglov, A.A. Bryleva, M.I. Matyash, E.S. Larin
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Occurrence of blaNDM-1, blaNDM-5, blaNDM-7, and blaKPC-2 genes in clinical isolates of enterobacterales with high genetic variability, from colonization and infection in patients with or without COVID-19, from a hospital in Brazil
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Original Articles

Infection
Intensive Care Unit Relocation and Its Effect on Multidrug-Resistant Respiratory Microorganisms: Hyung-Jun Kim, EuiSeok Jeong, Pyoeng Gyun Choe, Sang-Min Lee, Jinwoo Lee; Acute Crit Care. 2018;33(4):238-245. Published online November 14, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/acc.2018.00220

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material

Background
Infection by multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens leads to poor patient outcomes in intensive care units (ICUs). Contact precautions are necessary to reduce the transmission of MDR pathogens. However, the importance of the surrounding environment is not well known. We studied the effects of ICU relocation on MDR respiratory pathogen detection rates and patient outcomes.
Methods
Patients admitted to the ICU before and after the relocation were retrospectively analyzed. Baseline patient characteristics, types of respiratory pathogens detected, antibiotics used, and patient outcomes were measured.
Results
A total of 463 adult patients admitted to the ICU, 4 months before and after the relocation, were included. Of them, 234 were admitted to the ICU before the relocation and 229 afterward. Baseline characteristics, including age, sex, and underlying comorbidities, did not differ between the two groups. After the relocation, the incidence rate of MDR respiratory pathogen detection decreased from 90.0 to 68.8 cases per 1,000 patient-days, but that difference was statistically insignificant. The use of colistin was significantly reduced from 53.5 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 20.3 to 86.7 days) to 18.7 days (95% CI, 5.6 to 31.7 days). Furthermore, the duration of hospital stay was significantly reduced from a median of 29 days (interquartile range [IQR], 14 to 50 days) to 21 days (IQR, 11 to 39 days).
Conclusions
Incidence rates of MDR respiratory pathogen detection were not significantly different before and after ICU relocation. However, ICU relocation could be helpful in reducing the use of antibiotics against MDR pathogens and improving patient outcomes.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Impact of intensive care unit relocation on the transmission dynamics of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: a genetic epidemiology study
Qiannan E, He Wang, Yan Wang, Keke Li, Qingfeng Shi, Ling Cai, Yinghua Zhang
Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology.2026;[Epub] CrossRef
A look at the past to draw lessons for the future: how the case of an urgent ICU transfer taught us to always be ready with a plan B
Laura Brunelli, Edoardo Miotto, Massimo Del Pin, Daniele Celotto, Adriana Moccia, Gianni Borghi, Amato De Monte, Cristiana Macor, Roberto Cocconi, Luca Lattuada, Silvio Brusaferro, Luca Arnoldo
Frontiers in Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef

Infection
Outbreak of Imipenemase-1-Producing Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae in an Intensive Care Unit: Jin Young Lee, Ji Young Park, Je Hun Kim, Young Hee Lee, Hee Young Yang, Jung Sik Yoo; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2017;32(1):29-38. Published online December 29, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2016.00731

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Abstract PDF

Background
Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) with acquired metallo β-lactamase (MBL) resistance have been increasingly reported worldwide and associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Here, an outbreak of genetically related strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae producing the imipenemase (IMP)-1 MBL in a medical intensive care unit (MICU) in Korea is reported.
Methods
Since isolating carbapenem-resistant K. pneumoniae (CRKP) at the MICU of the hospital on August 10, 2011, surveillance cultures for CRE in 31 hospitalized patients were performed from August to September 2011. Carbapenem resistance was determined based on the disk diffusion method outlined in the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed for genes coding for β-lactamase. Associations among isolates were assessed via pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). In addition, a surveillance study of environmental cultures and health-care workers (HCWs) was conducted in the MICU during the same time frame.
Results
During the study period, non-duplicated CRKP specimens were discovered in four patients in the MICU, suggestive of an outbreak. On August 10, 2011, CRKP was isolated from the sputum of a 79-year-old male patient who was admitted to the MICU. A surveillance study to detect additional CRE carriers by rectal swab revealed an additional three CRKP isolates. PCR and sequencing of the four isolates identified the presence of the IMP-1 gene. In addition, PFGE showed that the four isolated strains were genetically related. CRE was not identified in specimens taken from the hands of HCWs or other environmental sources during surveillance following the outbreak. Transmission of the carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae strain was controlled by isolation of the patients and strict contact precautions.
Conclusions
This study shows that rapid and systemic detection of CRE and strict infection controls are important steps in preventing nosocomial transmission.

Citations

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Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns and Genetic Characteristics of Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales Isolated from Clinical Specimens at a University Hospital
Jung-Kon Moon, Sang-Ha Kim, Sohyeong Kim, Young-Kwon Kim, Young-Bin Yu, Sunghyun Kim
Biomedical Science Letters.2025; 31(1): 70. CrossRef
Alkyl deoxyglycoside-polymyxin combinations against critical priority carbapenem-resistant gram-negative bacteria
Ana M. de Matos, Patrícia Calado, Mónica Miranda, Rita Almeida, Amélia P. Rauter, M. Conceição Oliveira, Vera Manageiro, Manuela Caniça
Scientific Reports.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Nosocomial cluster of patients infected with imipenemase-1-producing Enterobacter ludwigii
Raquel Zaragozá González, Laura Iglesias Llorente, Estefanía Águila Fernández-Paniagua, Laura Alonso Acero, Teresa Monserrat Blázquez, Iballa Horcajada, Laura Florén Florén Zabala
Journal of Medical Microbiology .2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Genotypic Distribution and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Isolated From Rectal and Clinical Samples in Korean University Hospitals Between 2016 and 2019
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Characterization of Infections with Vancomycin-Intermediate Staphylococcus aureus (VISA) and Staphylococcus aureus with Reduced Vancomycin Susceptibility in South Korea
Jung Wan Park, Hyungmin Lee, Jung Wook Kim, Bongyoung Kim
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

Case Report

Infection/Pulmonary
Lung Transplantation in a Patient with Pre-transplant Colonization of Extensively Drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii: Hwa Young Lee, Hea Yon Lee, Sae Bom Shin, Kab Soo Shin, Bong Woo Lee, Hwan Wook Kim, Seok Lee, Seok Chan Kim; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2015;30(2):103-108. Published online May 31, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2015.30.2.103

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Abstract PDF: Colonization of the pre-transplant lung by multidrug-resistant bacteria affects short- and long-term outcomes of lung transplantation. However, there are no case reports on the colonization of a pre-transplant lung by drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. We report a case of extensively drug resistant (XDR) A. baumannii colonization in the tracheobronchial tree that caused severe infectious complications after bilateral lung transplantation. A 23-year-old man diagnosed with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) 4 years earlier with a history of allogenic bone marrow transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia was admitted to the hospital with dyspnea. Due to progressive hypercapnic respiratory failure, long-term mechanical ventilation was started after a tracheostomy was performed, and the patient underwent a bilateral lung transplantation to treat end-stage BOS. After the transplantation, the colonization of XDR A. baumannii caused severe bacterial pneumonia in the early postoperative period. Combined treatment with colistin and meropenem led to recovery from the pneumonia but caused drug-induced renal failure. Because many centers are willing to transplant candidates who are on mechanical ventilation or extracorporeal life support, the incidence of XDR A. baumannii colonization of pretransplant lungs is expected to increase. Further studies are needed to examine pre-transplant management strategies in patients colonized with XDR A. baumannii.

Original Articles

Infection
Extended-Spectrum beta-Lactamase and Multidrug Resistance in Urinary Sepsis Patients Admitted to the Intensive Care Unit: Bumjoon Kim, Sung Gyun Kim, Seung Soon Lee, Tae Seok Kim, Yong Il Hwang, Seung Hun Jang, Joo Hee Kim, Ki Suck Jung, Sunghoon Park; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2014;29(4):257-265. Published online November 30, 2014; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4266/kjccm.2014.29.4.257

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Abstract PDF

BACKGROUND
The role of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing or multidrug-resistant (MDR) organisms in patients with sepsis secondary to urinary traction infection (UTI) has not been investigated extensively in the intensive care unit (ICU) setting.
METHODS
Patients with UTI sepsis admitted to the ICU were retrospectively enrolled in this study (January 2009-December 2012). We investigated the impact of ESBL-producing and ESBL-negative MDR organisms on hospital outcome.
RESULTS
In total, 94 patients were enrolled (median age, 73.0 years; female, 81.9%), and ESBL-producing and ESBL-negative MDR organisms accounted for 20.2% (n = 19) and 30.9% (n = 29), respectively. Both patients with ESBL-producing and ESBL-negative MDR organisms were more likely to experience a delay in adequate antibiotic therapy than those with non-ESBL/non-MDR organisms (p < 0.001 and p = 0.032, respectively). However, only patients with ESBL-producing organisms showed a higher mortality rate (ESBL vs. ESBL-negative MDR vs. non-ESBL/non-MDR, 31.6% vs. 10.3%.vs. 10.9%, respectively). In multivariate analyses, ESBL production was significantly associated with hospital mortality (odds ratio, 11.547; 95micro confidence interval, 1.047-127.373), and prior admission was a significant predictor of ESBL production.
CONCLUSIONS
Although both ESBL-producing and ESBL-negative MDR organisms are associated with delayed administration of appropriate antibiotics, only ESBL production is a significant predictor of hospital mortality among patients with UTI sepsis in the ICU setting.

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Worrisome high frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in community-acquired urinary tract infections: a case–control study
Franco Castillo-Tokumori, Claudia Irey-Salgado, Germán Málaga
International Journal of Infectious Diseases.2017; 55: 16. CrossRef

Effects of Ventilation Modes and Levels of PEEP on Respiratory Mechanics during Controlled Ventilation under General Anesthesia: Jong Cook Park, Sang Hyun Park, Hyun Jun Kwag, Soo Young Park; Korean J Crit Care Med. 2006;21(2):89-94.

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Application of PEEP increases lung volume and improves oxygenation. High PEEP levels may cause alveolar overdistension or barotrauma. It was hypothesized that there will be an effect of level of PEEP on respiratory resistance and an effect of ventilatory mode on respiratory compliance. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ventilation modes and levels of PEEP on respiratory mechanics during controlled ventilation under general anesthesia.
METHODS
In 14 mechanically ventilated patients without cardiopulmonary symptoms and signs, we measured the respiratory mechanics using the inspiration interrupter technique during a constant flow. Dynamic and static compliance, airway resistance, visco-elastic tissue and total respiratory system resistance were calculated at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 cmH2O of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in VCV mode, VCV with inspiratory pause mode, and PCV mode, respectively.
RESULTS
The dynamic compliance of the PCV mode was higher than that of the VCV mode. The highest static compliance was at 10 cmH2O PEEP. At 20 cmH2O PEEP, pulmonary compliance was decreased and the tissue resistance was increased.
CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that the respiratory mechanics including respiratory resistance should be monitored for applying PEEP. Further studies on clinical condition such as acute lung injury and ARDS were needed.

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